CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2010-4344

Heap-based buffer overflow in the string_vformat function in string.c in Exim before 4.70 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via an SMTP session that includes…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 25, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 71.9% exploit likelihood as of Aug 26, 2026.

87.6–88.3Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

Heap-based buffer overflow in the string_vformat function in string.c in Exim before 4.70 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via an SMTP session that includes two MAIL commands in conjunction with a large message containing crafted headers, leading to improper rejection logging.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Dec 14, 2010
Updated
Oct 22, 2025
Evidence coverage
98%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    redhat

    Record text: Heap-based buffer overflow in the string_vformat function in string.c in Exim before 4.70 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via an SMTP session that includes two MAIL commands in conjunction with a large message containing crafted headers, leading to improper rejection logging.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Heap-based buffer overflow in the string_vformat function in string.c in Exim before 4.70 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via an SMTP session that includes two MAIL commands in conjunction with a large message containing crafted headers, leading to improper rejection logging.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Exim Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Exim Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 71.9% probability · 99.38th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.719010000000; percentile 0.993780000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 25, 2022 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood71.90%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 26, 2026 · 99.4th percentile · first observed Aug 26, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
redhatOriginal assertion
Record text

Heap-based buffer overflow in the string_vformat function in string.c in Exim before 4.70 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via an SMTP session that includes two MAIL commands in conjunction with a large message containing crafted headers, leading to improper rejection logging.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Heap-based buffer overflow in the string_vformat function in string.c in Exim before 4.70 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via an SMTP session that includes two MAIL commands in conjunction with a large message containing crafted headers, leading to improper rejection logging.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Exim Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Exim Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

71.9% probability · 99.38th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.719010000000; percentile 0.993780000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
8Underlying assertions
4Canonical products
8Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 4 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

5 scope groups

redhat · source assertedn/an/aDirect source scope
Affected: n/a
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "n/a"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMcanonicalubuntu_linuxVulnerable target · 3 assertions
Version 6.06; Version 8.04; Version 9.10Canonical identity product-a18840e4673d48e569064752e9575849e99b3f173c63d7c965c4c193bcaebef2Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:9.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a2bcb73e-27bb-4878-ad9c-90c4f20c25a0
  2. cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:8.04:*:*:*:-:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    7ebfe35c-e243-43d1-883d-4398d71763cc
  3. cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:6.06:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    454a5d17-b171-4f1f-9e0b-f18d1e5ca9fd
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMdebiandebian_linuxVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 5.0Canonical identity product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447eLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8c757774-08e7-40aa-b532-6f705c8f7639
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONeximeximVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 4.70)Canonical identity product-efebb0a3df0d8d42a6d09385b1d26c8b530c87cc22d65add7a70a4bfb865af10Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:exim:exim:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 4.70
    Match ID
    814f64f6-15d3-443c-bc00-4bc1a8f89c8a
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMopensuseopensuseVulnerable target · 3 assertions
Version 11.1; Version 11.2; Version 11.3Canonical identity product-66ca8198d1887ac9754d1aad85d76f1edfc54c873eb2cd9bedf566863f5e07bdLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:11.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    5646fde9-cf21-46a9-b89d-f5bbdb4249af
  2. cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:11.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a01c8b7e-eb19-40ea-b1d2-9ae5ea536c95
  3. cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fbf7b6a8-3df9-46ec-a90e-6ef68c39f883

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

4 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-66ae8c5e06427f7450637d18322b0dc411c0b469d940341cf076a620d444fe3c · product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447e

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
b4ad59d5-43a4-44e0-aeb3-431b6f5889b4
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-f98e1750e4b030e2bb71130d14421ff255427227a8b696c92978cf6c77fc265d · product-66ca8198d1887ac9754d1aad85d76f1edfc54c873eb2cd9bedf566863f5e07bd

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
4bf14ab1-cfcc-456d-a932-c2f21e3962ee72ebd180-3467-4978-8a29-0a0f2d0b473b79995177-faaf-4b40-a3e7-79fb6ea22118
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-c57a6167e95991f72f9616ac32b40463ac13c5f4929fcce3efc058b09a445b54 · product-a18840e4673d48e569064752e9575849e99b3f173c63d7c965c4c193bcaebef2

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
1a572512-16a0-4d39-93d7-ba578de687331c762188-4bdb-4332-8201-1dde39b79eba6638ffed-4eaa-4786-bfa7-2157ea31b088
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-02bb411b8f4051792423ae5f9d4f9a20ea5f5f56b9c71f5135e8224f44b2537d · product-efebb0a3df0d8d42a6d09385b1d26c8b530c87cc22d65add7a70a4bfb865af10

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
df353a01-2eb5-404d-a8ec-4822d6cfb529
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
4c9b7460-e9f2-4906-a67e-ee7563684dbc

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.3
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C
9.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.8Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.