CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2012-1856

The TabStrip ActiveX control in the Common Controls in MSCOMCTL.OCX in Microsoft Office 2003 SP3, Office 2003 Web Components SP3, Office 2007 SP2 and SP3, Office 2010 SP1, SQL…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 3, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 8.8. EPSS estimates 72.2% exploit likelihood as of Aug 26, 2026.

84.6–85.6Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

The TabStrip ActiveX control in the Common Controls in MSCOMCTL.OCX in Microsoft Office 2003 SP3, Office 2003 Web Components SP3, Office 2007 SP2 and SP3, Office 2010 SP1, SQL Server 2000 SP4, SQL Server 2005 SP4, SQL Server 2008 SP2, SP3, R2, R2 SP1, and R2 SP2, Commerce Server 2002 SP4, Commerce Server 2007 SP2, Commerce Server 2009 Gold and R2, Host Integration Server 2004 SP1, Visual FoxPro 8.0 SP1, Visual FoxPro 9.0 SP2, and Visual Basic 6.0 Runtime allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted (1) document or (2) web page that triggers system-state corruption, aka "MSCOMCTL.OCX RCE Vulnerability."

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Aug 15, 2012
Updated
Oct 22, 2025
Evidence coverage
99%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    microsoft

    Record text: The TabStrip ActiveX control in the Common Controls in MSCOMCTL.OCX in Microsoft Office 2003 SP3, Office 2003 Web Components SP3, Office 2007 SP2 and SP3, Office 2010 SP1, SQL Server 2000 SP4, SQL Server 2005 SP4, SQL Server 2008 SP2, SP3, R2, R2 SP1, and R2 SP2, Commerce Server 2002 SP4, Commerce Server 2007 SP2, Commerce Server 2009 Gold and R2, Host Integration Server 2004 SP1, Visual FoxPro 8.0 SP1, Visual FoxPro 9.0 SP2, and Visual Basic 6.0 Runtime allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted (1) document or (2) web page that triggers system-state corruption, aka "MSCOMCTL.OCX RCE Vulnerability."

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    The TabStrip ActiveX control in the Common Controls in MSCOMCTL.OCX in Microsoft Office 2003 SP3, Office 2003 Web Components SP3, Office 2007 SP2 and SP3, Office 2010 SP1, SQL Server 2000 SP4, SQL Server 2005 SP4, SQL Server 2008 SP2, SP3, R2, R2 SP1, and R2 SP2, Commerce Server 2002 SP4, Commerce Server 2007 SP2, Commerce Server 2009 Gold and R2, Host Integration Server 2004 SP1, Visual FoxPro 8.0 SP1, Visual FoxPro 9.0 SP2, and Visual Basic 6.0 Runtime allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted (1) document or (2) web page that triggers system-state corruption, aka "MSCOMCTL.OCX RCE Vulnerability."
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Microsoft Office MSCOMCTL.OCX Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Microsoft Office MSCOMCTL.OCX Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 72.23% probability · 99.39th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.722250000000; percentile 0.993880000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 3, 2022 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood72.22%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 26, 2026 · 99.4th percentile · first observed Aug 26, 2026

SeverityCVSS 8.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
microsoftOriginal assertion
Record text

The TabStrip ActiveX control in the Common Controls in MSCOMCTL.OCX in Microsoft Office 2003 SP3, Office 2003 Web Components SP3, Office 2007 SP2 and SP3, Office 2010 SP1, SQL Server 2000 SP4, SQL Server 2005 SP4, SQL Server 2008 SP2, SP3, R2, R2 SP1, and R2 SP2, Commerce Server 2002 SP4, Commerce Server 2007 SP2, Commerce Server 2009 Gold and R2, Host Integration Server 2004 SP1, Visual FoxPro 8.0 SP1, Visual FoxPro 9.0 SP2, and Visual Basic 6.0 Runtime allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted (1) document or (2) web page that triggers system-state corruption, aka "MSCOMCTL.OCX RCE Vulnerability."

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
The TabStrip ActiveX control in the Common Controls in MSCOMCTL.OCX in Microsoft Office 2003 SP3, Office 2003 Web Components SP3, Office 2007 SP2 and SP3, Office 2010 SP1, SQL Server 2000 SP4, SQL Server 2005 SP4, SQL Server 2008 SP2, SP3, R2, R2 SP1, and R2 SP2, Commerce Server 2002 SP4, Commerce Server 2007 SP2, Commerce Server 2009 Gold and R2, Host Integration Server 2004 SP1, Visual FoxPro 8.0 SP1, Visual FoxPro 9.0 SP2, and Visual Basic 6.0 Runtime allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted (1) document or (2) web page that triggers system-state corruption, aka "MSCOMCTL.OCX RCE Vulnerability."
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Microsoft Office MSCOMCTL.OCX Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Microsoft Office MSCOMCTL.OCX Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

72.23% probability · 99.39th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.722250000000; percentile 0.993880000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
21Underlying assertions
7Canonical products
21Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

8 scope groups

microsoft · source assertedn/an/aDirect source scope
Affected: n/a
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "n/a"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONmicrosoftcommerce_serverVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Version 2002; Version 2007; Version 2009Canonical identity product-cd0b2425b0d03b1569d8b334cb0c542f60c68ec033eacdae77e34ac9e4dd7088Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:commerce_server:2007:sp2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    206fbc72-5535-46f3-b5b8-2fc765c382b3
  2. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:commerce_server:2009:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    39cc1fe4-69dc-4f7d-b0c1-e1b074b2908f
  3. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:commerce_server:2002:sp4:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    707a0633-6324-4d85-af73-ceb2205d836b
  4. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:commerce_server:2009:r2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    7cc3c563-408f-487b-8d0f-fdeb1d39b2b6
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONmicrosofthost_integration_serverVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 2004Canonical identity product-c9c21c174095ef55a6e994af9f770ad03f251402ed161804e7f033b810c7fda8Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:host_integration_server:2004:sp1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    9fa8cf8c-19d9-48ac-b46c-101d9179e3a5
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONmicrosoftofficeVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Version 2003; Version 2007; Version 2010Canonical identity product-f4efee17050cd92d62299077c43827052b373ddcb783c02caa43c2fbb378d2f4Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:office:2007:sp2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    08af794a-435d-4171-9dbb-eb7faed96dba
  2. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:office:2010:sp1:x86:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8383fadc-9391-4570-aaf9-92a952a4f04f
  3. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:office:2003:sp3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a332d04d-cc8c-4f68-a261-ba2f2d8ead1e
  4. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:office:2007:sp3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    feecd12a-5bef-4675-b62e-86cf4a7474d7
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONmicrosoftoffice_web_componentsVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 2003Canonical identity product-5218b697b3bc49d3394ed4bfee91f9b3e939e112de2b2244fb747903f9309220Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:office_web_components:2003:sp3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    0a9c5ba7-0ecb-4101-9dad-ecaa42c9e0a3
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONmicrosoftsql_serverVulnerable target · 8 assertions
Version 2000; Version 2005; Version 2008Canonical identity product-6e3c2db10e20c48c017826e43d7d9f763376b98ae51c76f9d485670e8aeaaf80Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sql_server:2000:sp4:analysis_services:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 11
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    6a74fd84-90b6-41df-b7e2-8774a8f1ada8
  2. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sql_server:2000:sp4:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a7a5116e-bd37-4539-b815-f1b70ec4d45d
  3. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sql_server:2008:r2_sp1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 14
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    cf051b57-99e0-4637-9f0f-b82596dd6505
  4. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sql_server:2008:sp3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 17
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    bfc56295-63bf-4ea7-99b5-0b8d019c1432
  5. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sql_server:2008:r2_sp2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 15
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    cdc7bab6-6166-41a2-9d86-ce31645261ad
  6. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sql_server:2005:sp3:express_advanced_services:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 12
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    cf6e4324-61cd-497f-accd-50d253de291a
  7. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sql_server:2008:sp2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 16
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    1e28ea71-c7ef-4fcd-94c5-521c87f39405
  8. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:sql_server:2005:sp4:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 13
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    253cc41c-5de2-4d76-8e69-13ef53fd256d
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONmicrosoftvisual_basicVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 6.0Canonical identity product-2834ee0ed777338bd02d1a84b60da3365ec3a7f3c7d2708a3aee389024605a56Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:visual_basic:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 18
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    42d281b3-b2e0-4e36-b1bd-83865ae4b3c5
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONmicrosoftvisual_foxproVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version 8.0; Version 9.0Canonical identity product-95617460a0b231a19e9969f05d1c78022c11fd7f6c2f2460362fcc950a52807aLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:visual_foxpro:8.0:sp1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 19
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    e5de8b76-fa09-4ea2-9535-758c56c4c099
  2. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:visual_foxpro:9.0:sp2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 20
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    5e711cc3-9094-4c54-a794-9c7a3e7f4afa

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

7 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-2834ee0ed777338bd02d1a84b60da3365ec3a7f3c7d2708a3aee389024605a56

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
edc7d438-58ed-43d1-9805-22fb48cf3d9a
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-5218b697b3bc49d3394ed4bfee91f9b3e939e112de2b2244fb747903f9309220

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
ec7454ac-fbf4-4fbc-8689-0e3468fb9d43
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-6e3c2db10e20c48c017826e43d7d9f763376b98ae51c76f9d485670e8aeaaf80

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
8
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
27fde3b8-8b9d-4f04-bb94-21a193bf1ff728451a59-afd6-42a0-8997-d6f4db21d02b2f8489f3-3b90-418e-86e6-546e2f89765e385cfce5-9af2-4736-a28c-a09a43ad8a125bdfa232-99df-41a9-bdf8-a61702b5444b697b36e6-0344-4ade-9fb7-f2f6d7f4bb557da73962-3204-428e-bd93-363153a78d5acc74b1b2-958a-484c-9ffe-10ff3e98bd39
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-95617460a0b231a19e9969f05d1c78022c11fd7f6c2f2460362fcc950a52807a

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
1a49c37d-e507-4a03-b78b-11adf9ddb85831dd5448-312b-4aea-a1ad-5aa806ad49c9
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-c9c21c174095ef55a6e994af9f770ad03f251402ed161804e7f033b810c7fda8

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
ceebde70-8463-432b-8376-e02715718aa3
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-cd0b2425b0d03b1569d8b334cb0c542f60c68ec033eacdae77e34ac9e4dd7088

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
5b01093f-9a10-497b-a691-642cab354b345bd02b0e-aa51-45a4-b79c-7869711e68bed2f5b4cf-d91b-4f97-ad13-b220cacaf1b8ee41f33b-6ff9-4b11-9a7b-3eb7cd2bf3f3
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-f4efee17050cd92d62299077c43827052b373ddcb783c02caa43c2fbb378d2f4

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
29fbf630-21d8-450b-bac0-ec4885feddef310f04f3-26ad-4231-8748-956e0c0a0044d66d55c6-b829-43b1-a5af-6504f1d5c83ae1badd33-a322-40e8-9020-391b90d44d2d
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
4be3da4e-398c-4c6f-b9d0-ba765f09bbbf

Assessments

CVSS by origin

8.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.3
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C
8.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

8.8Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
8.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.