CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2013-2251

Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:, (2) redirect:, or (3)…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 25, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 100.0% exploit likelihood as of Jul 18, 2026.

90.3–91.0Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:, (2) redirect:, or (3) redirectAction: prefix.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jul 18, 2013
Updated
Oct 22, 2025
Evidence coverage
98%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    redhat

    Record text: Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:, (2) redirect:, or (3) redirectAction: prefix.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:, (2) redirect:, or (3) redirectAction: prefix.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 100% probability · 99.99th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.999980000000; percentile 0.999900000000
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Apache Struts Improper Input Validation Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Apache Struts Improper Input Validation Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 25, 2022 · first observed Sep 1, 2026

Exploit likelihood100.00%

FIRST EPSS · score date Jul 18, 2026 · 100th percentile · first observed Jul 19, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
redhatOriginal assertion
Record text

Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:, (2) redirect:, or (3) redirectAction: prefix.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Apache Struts 2.0.0 through 2.3.15 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OGNL expressions via a parameter with a crafted (1) action:, (2) redirect:, or (3) redirectAction: prefix.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

100% probability · 99.99th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.999980000000; percentile 0.999900000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Apache Struts Improper Input Validation Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Apache Struts Improper Input Validation Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
17Underlying assertions
9Canonical products
9Target assertions
8Constraint assertions

Grouped from 6 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

10 scope groups

redhat · source assertedn/an/aDirect source scope
Affected: n/a
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "n/a"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONapachearchivaVulnerable target · 3 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 1.3, < 1.3.8); Version 1.2; Version 1.2.2Canonical identity product-6cabc65111b21a76e20244fab9a2d5eb0762375d4646ceb4e2751224f079d8efLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:apache:archiva:1.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    cccf9a1c-7091-4d72-8afc-5373f45ff7d5
  2. cpe:2.3:a:apache:archiva:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 1.3; through excluding 1.3.8
    Match ID
    3a10fb76-761d-4411-b6a8-b1ad5c133071
  3. cpe:2.3:a:apache:archiva:1.2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    f0e0751c-e0bd-4c33-a541-c6fc67ce6663
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONapachestrutsVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.0.0, <= 2.3.15)Canonical identity product-9cd0052bcd831ad951c3a83f953006d77d3ff2278903b02b620cad9fb02389e0Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.0.0; through including 2.3.15
    Match ID
    61c63f76-5afe-4d2f-b81c-d3476c165227
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONfujitsuinterstage_business_process_manager_analyticsVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version 12.0; Version 12.1Canonical identity product-4fc9b42ec477e57914a3d4cf39e18d151300ec6ed4569d59396c646f85bb8190Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:fujitsu:interstage_business_process_manager_analytics:12.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    6d24308c-eefb-477d-a88c-95e76cac8ad7
  2. cpe:2.3:a:fujitsu:interstage_business_process_manager_analytics:12.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2825c5b3-6495-43fe-9d87-750c8b9b25ec
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_server_2003Environmental constraint · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-21c8a455c6651c09ac3fd0874c5219dd6081913f4835e8de22662b3821fec60bLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2003:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    e3527f41-a6ed-437d-9833-458a2c60c2a3
  2. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2003:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    e3527f41-a6ed-437d-9833-458a2c60c2a3
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_server_2008Environmental constraint · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-217b1ab3d25f361a639824f86753d418b35aa2a816ee370bb71b5d1dd883d87aLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2008:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    32623d48-7000-4c7d-823f-7d2a9841d88c
  2. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2008:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    32623d48-7000-4c7d-823f-7d2a9841d88c
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_server_2012Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-5a80416e92fed0cddbb3d4f3840218b448dee11159824ad25a0353da566963feLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2012:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a7df96f8-ba6a-4780-9ca3-f719b3f81074
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONoraclesiebel_apps_-_e-billingVulnerable target · 3 assertions
Version 6.1; Version 6.1.1; Version 6.2Canonical identity product-46749c1a95bbfedc3a8f110454019bfeb2380dd856211bdb2d55b8396135bd13Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:oracle:siebel_apps_-_e-billing:6.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    51d5bac9-e5b1-4a19-8b87-0ca2fa046d27
  2. cpe:2.3:a:oracle:siebel_apps_-_e-billing:6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    5f0dbe55-667b-45ef-8c3a-9c7aa33adde6
  3. cpe:2.3:a:oracle:siebel_apps_-_e-billing:6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    109a2a5d-d631-472f-aa80-2e1d707943f5
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMoraclesolarisEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version 11Canonical identity product-539219b1ee59962407ed68b1ceec26467cc69e69724392149215aa94f97bef9bLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:oracle:solaris:11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8e8c192b-8044-4bf9-9f1f-57371fc0e8fd
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMredhatenterprise_linuxEnvironmental constraint · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.0, <= 6.10)Canonical identity product-ec20120153af988d42a6a2dfd3cdd9595762b35581f66014faaa4f85d8f844eeLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.0; through including 6.10
    Match ID
    8d0c7ab6-1b62-49e3-99f8-53dd9329264e
  2. cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.0; through including 6.10
    Match ID
    8d0c7ab6-1b62-49e3-99f8-53dd9329264e

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

4 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b1377626da187dbea1eeb98f365c57a3dcbeccfdc2a7d3471e94ece7b6f88e55 · product-46749c1a95bbfedc3a8f110454019bfeb2380dd856211bdb2d55b8396135bd13

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
e01a31d3-a535-4b18-b92f-46dc2d24c693ec3c1b4f-db7a-40b5-8bf4-c31c8b6b89b3fe3e43c3-1c36-4c3f-95dd-93bcab4d63a7
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-903834d614508dfed9f6018fde3a295336eea919c6b69f898421ac6a8cb28c43 · product-4fc9b42ec477e57914a3d4cf39e18d151300ec6ed4569d59396c646f85bb8190

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
861e0f09-d5f7-438d-b9c6-f4e898ee1fdacba011ee-156a-4d17-9727-506520db6dec
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8771dac0ae5eeec984ca23e4bbe5a243fb7896ad7c1c4afc6acd3abe53fdd152 · product-6cabc65111b21a76e20244fab9a2d5eb0762375d4646ceb4e2751224f079d8ef

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
1d8d476b-89d7-401c-b91f-e887a9a9db8dc92068fe-0d77-4dd4-bc44-fd4c37d01312ee0e23b6-38a4-48ce-be35-27d8783f2b1e
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8771dac0ae5eeec984ca23e4bbe5a243fb7896ad7c1c4afc6acd3abe53fdd152 · product-9cd0052bcd831ad951c3a83f953006d77d3ff2278903b02b620cad9fb02389e0

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
b39ebd9e-a130-48de-b678-d25a576556b8
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
8da0fa51-0a51-4e90-89d6-9802b5b3397a

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.3
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C
9.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.8Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.