CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2013-2596

Integer overflow in the fb_mmap function in drivers/video/fbmem.c in the Linux kernel before 3.8.9, as used in a certain Motorola build of Android 4.1.2 and other products,…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Sep 15, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 7.8. EPSS estimates 3.3% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

67.3–68.4Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

Integer overflow in the fb_mmap function in drivers/video/fbmem.c in the Linux kernel before 3.8.9, as used in a certain Motorola build of Android 4.1.2 and other products, allows local users to create a read-write memory mapping for the entirety of kernel memory, and consequently gain privileges, via crafted /dev/graphics/fb0 mmap2 system calls, as demonstrated by the Motochopper pwn program.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Apr 13, 2013
Updated
Oct 22, 2025
Evidence coverage
97%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    mitre

    Record text: Integer overflow in the fb_mmap function in drivers/video/fbmem.c in the Linux kernel before 3.8.9, as used in a certain Motorola build of Android 4.1.2 and other products, allows local users to create a read-write memory mapping for the entirety of kernel memory, and consequently gain privileges, via crafted /dev/graphics/fb0 mmap2 system calls, as demonstrated by the Motochopper pwn program.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Integer overflow in the fb_mmap function in drivers/video/fbmem.c in the Linux kernel before 3.8.9, as used in a certain Motorola build of Android 4.1.2 and other products, allows local users to create a read-write memory mapping for the entirety of kernel memory, and consequently gain privileges, via crafted /dev/graphics/fb0 mmap2 system calls, as demonstrated by the Motochopper pwn program.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Linux Kernel Integer Overflow Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Linux Kernel Integer Overflow Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 3.34% probability · 87.75th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.033370000000; percentile 0.877520000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Sep 15, 2022 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood3.34%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 87.8th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 7.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
mitreOriginal assertion
Record text

Integer overflow in the fb_mmap function in drivers/video/fbmem.c in the Linux kernel before 3.8.9, as used in a certain Motorola build of Android 4.1.2 and other products, allows local users to create a read-write memory mapping for the entirety of kernel memory, and consequently gain privileges, via crafted /dev/graphics/fb0 mmap2 system calls, as demonstrated by the Motochopper pwn program.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Integer overflow in the fb_mmap function in drivers/video/fbmem.c in the Linux kernel before 3.8.9, as used in a certain Motorola build of Android 4.1.2 and other products, allows local users to create a read-write memory mapping for the entirety of kernel memory, and consequently gain privileges, via crafted /dev/graphics/fb0 mmap2 system calls, as demonstrated by the Motochopper pwn program.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Linux Kernel Integer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Linux Kernel Integer Overflow Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

3.34% probability · 87.75th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.033370000000; percentile 0.877520000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
9Underlying assertions
6Canonical products
5Target assertions
4Constraint assertions

Grouped from 2 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

7 scope groups

mitre · source assertedn/an/aDirect source scope
Affected: n/a
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "n/a"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMlinuxlinux_kernelVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.6.12, < 3.0.75); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 3.1, < 3.2.45); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 3.3, < 3.4.42); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 3.5, < 3.8.9)Canonical identity product-0eda7a801761be4590f267cf319481c8c0aaa30546d99cc064edf77989ce05c9Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 3.3; through excluding 3.4.42
    Match ID
    8fecb4af-f9df-44e3-bd62-741d5d129053
  2. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.6.12; through excluding 3.0.75
    Match ID
    f6bfd971-9fc9-4d37-99fc-9e39178942e2
  3. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 3.5; through excluding 3.8.9
    Match ID
    7e3c2571-afe5-4ed0-810d-232092dd0220
  4. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 3.1; through excluding 3.2.45
    Match ID
    88da168c-393b-4853-8034-6e9099cc9623
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmotorolaandroidVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 4.1.2Canonical identity product-6bf7b0642b68f3a7c4663847a470e1eb39551f9cfb3ee2b60dd1747f2d5ba64eLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:motorola:android:4.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    62effaaf-f122-4019-8554-9e9cef73cdae
NVD CPE · HARDWAREmotorolaatrix_hdEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-93161d77491048737bdb40ec56463102aa741f50333a830988ada95623dd00ceLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:motorola:atrix_hd:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    75b24d97-f98a-4a1a-b20e-eb6d610c71ea
NVD CPE · HARDWAREmotorolarazr_hdEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-73575eb91917acde11bda001ecd91582b59e863c26d9c97c59cd760706247c13Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:motorola:razr_hd:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a5d2d0b7-8170-46f2-9fc8-2ddd3e96de66
NVD CPE · HARDWAREmotorolarazr_mEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-d510135436063f592753ed858f8d8e7f3a1f6d0efee236d8bc4ee103591f38acLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:motorola:razr_m:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    01fe07b3-068a-4c2a-a985-631070c17f51
NVD CPE · HARDWAREqualcommmsm8960Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-7ac5156cf9e362c6b7d1cc02afde79385f524126975ef3ea1442ec0b8e23be54Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:qualcomm:msm8960:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    73b9587b-78d0-4057-b694-e1e6655f624f

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

2 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-9c702362a97e8770255c53f324861f65f3209d35ce95f01842c69a458450f6fa · product-0eda7a801761be4590f267cf319481c8c0aaa30546d99cc064edf77989ce05c9

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
3e1733af-112b-418a-b470-2d1c1632264a5652f42c-035e-4517-8b22-1fa206af63fbd592c0c1-407f-4000-8331-2749b8d3f973f2262bfe-8148-4299-a658-4817eefa0d5b
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8c883ea1a6d80def1683b29d2c6d864f87f41aedebc1854b68bc6e45c3473414 · product-6bf7b0642b68f3a7c4663847a470e1eb39551f9cfb3ee2b60dd1747f2d5ba64e

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
261b3072-2142-4ca7-9b09-3c8355d06212
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
58c9d7f1-b476-455e-94e8-e0bd4b075a12

Assessments

CVSS by origin

7.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
6.9
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:L/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C
7.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.8Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
7.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.