CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 3, 2022 · first observed Jul 19, 2026
Evidence dossier
CVE-2017-12319
A vulnerability in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) over an Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) for Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker…
Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 3, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 5.9. EPSS estimates 5.3% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.
As of Aug 27, 2026
Normalized restatement
A vulnerability in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) over an Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) for Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause the device to reload, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition, or potentially corrupt the BGP routing table, which could result in network instability. The vulnerability exists due to changes in the implementation of the BGP MPLS-Based Ethernet VPN RFC (RFC 7432) draft between IOS XE software releases. When the BGP Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag Route or BGP EVPN MAC/IP Advertisement Route update packet is received, it could be possible that the IP address length field is miscalculated. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted BGP packet to an affected device after the BGP session was established. An exploit could allow the attacker to cause the affected device to reload or corrupt the BGP routing table; either outcome would result in a DoS. The vulnerability may be triggered when the router receives a crafted BGP message from a peer on an existing BGP session. This vulnerability affects all releases of Cisco IOS XE Software prior to software release 16.3 that support BGP EVPN configurations. If the device is not configured for EVPN, it is not vulnerable. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCui67191, CSCvg52875.
- State
- PUBLISHED
- Published
- Mar 27, 2018
- Updated
- Jan 12, 2026
- Evidence coverage
- 95%
Evidence chronology
What was known when
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCACISA-ADPOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAciscoOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: A vulnerability in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) over an Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) for Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause the device to reload, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition, or potentially corrupt the BGP routing table, which could result in network instability. The vulnerability exists due to changes in the implementation of the BGP MPLS-Based Ethernet VPN RFC (RFC 7432) draft between IOS XE software releases. When the BGP Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag Route or BGP EVPN MAC/IP Advertisement Route update packet is received, it could be possible that the IP address length field is miscalculated. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted BGP packet to an affected device after the BGP session was established. An exploit could allow the attacker to cause the affected device to reload or corrupt the BGP routing table; either outcome would result in a DoS. The vulnerability may be triggered when the router receives a crafted BGP message from a peer on an existing BGP session. This vulnerability affects all releases of Cisco IOS XE Software prior to software release 16.3 that support BGP EVPN configurations. If the device is not configured for EVPN, it is not vulnerable. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCui67191, CSCvg52875.
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- A vulnerability in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) over an Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) for Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause the device to reload, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition, or potentially corrupt the BGP routing table, which could result in network instability. The vulnerability exists due to changes in the implementation of the BGP MPLS-Based Ethernet VPN RFC (RFC 7432) draft between IOS XE software releases. When the BGP Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag Route or BGP EVPN MAC/IP Advertisement Route update packet is received, it could be possible that the IP address length field is miscalculated. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted BGP packet to an affected device after the BGP session was established. An exploit could allow the attacker to cause the affected device to reload or corrupt the BGP routing table; either outcome would result in a DoS. The vulnerability may be triggered when the router receives a crafted BGP message from a peer on an existing BGP session. This vulnerability affects all releases of Cisco IOS XE Software prior to software release 16.3 that support BGP EVPN configurations. If the device is not configured for EVPN, it is not vulnerable. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCui67191, CSCvg52875.
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCACVE ProgramOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: CVE Program Container
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CVE Program Container
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCACISA KEVOriginal evidence ↗
Exploitation cataloged: Cisco IOS XE Software Ethernet Virtual Private Network Border Gateway Protocol Denial-of-Service Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Cisco IOS XE Software Ethernet Virtual Private Network Border Gateway Protocol Denial-of-Service Vulnerability
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCAFIRST EPSSOriginal evidence ↗
EPSS score: 5.28% probability · 91.97th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.052780000000; percentile 0.919670000000
FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 92th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026
NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot
Evidence detail
Source limits and decisions
Why each evidence state has this value
casca-unknown-reasons-v1Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- evidence-policy-v1.1.0
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- evidence-policy-v1.1.0
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.
- Revision
- casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- Resolve identity
Source comparison
Who said what
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
A vulnerability in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) over an Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) for Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause the device to reload, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition, or potentially corrupt the BGP routing table, which could result in network instability. The vulnerability exists due to changes in the implementation of the BGP MPLS-Based Ethernet VPN RFC (RFC 7432) draft between IOS XE software releases. When the BGP Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag Route or BGP EVPN MAC/IP Advertisement Route update packet is received, it could be possible that the IP address length field is miscalculated. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted BGP packet to an affected device after the BGP session was established. An exploit could allow the attacker to cause the affected device to reload or corrupt the BGP routing table; either outcome would result in a DoS. The vulnerability may be triggered when the router receives a crafted BGP message from a peer on an existing BGP session. This vulnerability affects all releases of Cisco IOS XE Software prior to software release 16.3 that support BGP EVPN configurations. If the device is not configured for EVPN, it is not vulnerable. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCui67191, CSCvg52875.
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- A vulnerability in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) over an Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) for Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause the device to reload, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition, or potentially corrupt the BGP routing table, which could result in network instability. The vulnerability exists due to changes in the implementation of the BGP MPLS-Based Ethernet VPN RFC (RFC 7432) draft between IOS XE software releases. When the BGP Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag Route or BGP EVPN MAC/IP Advertisement Route update packet is received, it could be possible that the IP address length field is miscalculated. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted BGP packet to an affected device after the BGP session was established. An exploit could allow the attacker to cause the affected device to reload or corrupt the BGP routing table; either outcome would result in a DoS. The vulnerability may be triggered when the router receives a crafted BGP message from a peer on an existing BGP session. This vulnerability affects all releases of Cisco IOS XE Software prior to software release 16.3 that support BGP EVPN configurations. If the device is not configured for EVPN, it is not vulnerable. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCui67191, CSCvg52875.
CVE Program Container
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CVE Program Container
Cisco IOS XE Software Ethernet Virtual Private Network Border Gateway Protocol Denial-of-Service Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Cisco IOS XE Software Ethernet Virtual Private Network Border Gateway Protocol Denial-of-Service Vulnerability
5.28% probability · 91.97th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.052780000000; percentile 0.919670000000
Applicability
Cited product scope
Grouped from 2 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.
Identity source boundaries
- Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z
27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa - Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z
955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e
199 scope groups
Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "Cisco IOS XE"}]product-9bf024cf178e916b346a687100957e1486ab0e38c6fa80bc2142b827451f1ccdLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1000_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
f4856e07-b3c2-4674-9584-866f6af643b2
product-ec81333f658411b7803c2a74fba50fc2a8571954a825307de4c11aa777cea331Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1100-4g\/6g_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
a6f668b9-2c1d-4306-8286-35e67d0f67c7
product-0885dd02cc9452d4f4041009f4e89e39aa9cb7b3a2241eb0568d5272a45ba686Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1100-4g_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 2
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
0f77cd6a-83da-4f31-a128-ad6daecd623b
product-b9efc8776dfa030fc1668cb394abb81fc795e977fed11311afb0182182422ccbLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1100-4gltegb_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 3
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
62564bb8-1282-4597-a645-056298be7ccb
product-7b470689aeb6ceafca57d7e299857f428598c78d5b6b9cf3a7ac1b46fa6cd4e3Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1100-4gltena_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 4
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
80e9cc47-3d7c-437a-85be-4bb94c8af1b8
product-61bd7c4a997f0057522432fc32977f3bee0e3ca7f1e9b52a1c315fc5b0c94b82Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1100-4p_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 5
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
a2d2305b-b69e-4f74-a44e-07b3205ce9f7
product-48496322b8049136b306dd98a470fd79e435e1ed18fde6815354449b60512192Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1100-6g_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 6
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
2b68b363-3c57-4e95-8b13-0f9b59d551f7
product-397442e23e2a34298ff5a325e65f923a74b06f578053f14f452c10a8f3897e60Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1100-8p_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 7
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
26dd41b3-1d1d-44d3-ba8e-5a66afee77e6
product-e5fb7db7e3021671cae1c5fbc328d90008a6d7f3443554172e2f56006322542aLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1100_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 9
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
1952b64c-4ae0-4ccb-86c5-8d1ff6a12822
product-a7b821aaea42226be44a09c95bedd3a1b6cd867ba27bb56597900ea8599547ebLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1100-lte_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 8
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
ebe4e146-1d77-4f15-ae58-3c1ce5db62c5
product-9fda7bc5de4a65dc7bb0a3527f9fe8dac39b87fcc5d0d9c845d90d07d056b28cLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1101-4p_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 10
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
5aad4397-6dcf-493a-bd61-3a890f6f3ab2
product-6d06967d013c5208818969e6a3f9fd97997fde602c3de99ee5dc56b6b58da475Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1101_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 11
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
5eb8a757-7888-4ac2-be44-b89db83c6c77
product-a320671625d66c0f5e525c6800954b21a7539790b5f2cdeaeeac5a18b6e41881Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1109-2p_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 12
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
3f2f0a8e-97f6-41ac-be67-4b2d60f9d36b
product-ba8c68f373165e04bc790264843055a058f32acb0a6b010ab8d817e41f45eb16Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1109-4p_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 13
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
bb9229f3-7bce-46c4-9879-d57b5baae44e
product-5acf21099ac27170d3dbdecffd55c65a94fea428b95bebfe590ab4648c76a62bLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1109_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 14
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
b80890a8-e3d3-462c-b125-9e9bc6525b02
product-796a0d294e7bc7b82cb47666d5ac1c3619298798ea161b8312b14c57aa25d183Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1111x-8p_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 15
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
a5a606fe-e6f1-43f9-b1cd-d9df35fc3573
product-d92e68f54c6af83a9a713f685ae040d64338dfd1854b167b47da281717d69c4fLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1111x_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 16
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
0547e196-5991-4c33-823a-342542e9dfd3
product-2eb85d470eea33297206ee077ee1a7ebe94b8bbfb1e21f3a9be41146e5df9c02Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:111x_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 17
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
802cbfc1-8a2f-4bf7-a1d3-00622c33be16
product-eff07dedb7ca14479c13542287b11082c9f6a3c96014bae8d278ab140d05e778Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1120_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 18
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
7afe0fc1-eebc-42f0-88b0-4af5b76ddd97
product-e3a1fbf4a9275ee1dfcf01b86353961bb6466ca0c2890cd84432fe24ed94f8e2Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1131_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 19
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
f3f374dc-b9f7-4515-a064-01bb436ca984
product-86e902040c8bc39f6147c90be698b668a9c258a6ef01c1b325aab7cf716bb8d0Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1160_integrated_services_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 20
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
d916389f-54db-44cb-91dd-7ce3c7059350
product-841b927ded4b0cbd0b31e62a35603de6ccc657baf010b847d78ae26406b2ee8aLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1801_integrated_service_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 21
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
6d5e48d7-2266-4649-90a9-62c476afe6de
product-8caea46771ac3cd77007991815b2cb70dfd97e8e10c1f631e2c1cd649b08ac47Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1802_integrated_service_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 22
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
99581637-e184-4a02-8313-57c7c31e5479
product-c87049704a6cd6a16db82b76d1d8fda85452b9c5733b6927c0207e248f31eae0Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:cisco:1803_integrated_service_router:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 23
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
9c6d4a90-31b9-4b6c-adac-44c49db44115
Affected-product evidence
Accepted scope and product mapping
2 canonical links · 1 source-reported links
vendor-0774b265c0e837e737aaf99ed0f2450c048e61f34267ca59d8623878b839334e · product-5972f4392170d0d1b4e75a10eb3b383835ead601c8d9b09329525407a4e1471a
- Source class
- Nvd cpe vulnerable target
- Assertions
- 1
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0dbef1a2-8c5d-42b4-9b43-b3f80a9557aavendor-0774b265c0e837e737aaf99ed0f2450c048e61f34267ca59d8623878b839334e · product-cc06181059d0f387414dd5737700c03a38fe93d65d4a541ac9744a37c25c9f59
- Source class
- Nvd cpe vulnerable target
- Assertions
- 1
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
6e8d3d22-4ad4-467f-8556-db5711d0e483Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source
- Source class
- Direct cve affected
- Assertions
- 1
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
2344ec48-2949-49ad-ab83-64d7962b1290Assessments
CVSS by origin
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HAV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:CCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HDirect CVE/CNA normalized decisions
CISA-ADP
CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H- Validation
- Valid match
- Recomputed
- 5.9
- Decision reason
- Evidence supported
- Policy
- casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.
Evidence boundaries
- KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
- EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
- Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
- NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
- Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
- NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
- Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
- OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
- Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
- Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.