CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2017-9791

The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x and 2.3.x might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage.

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Feb 10, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 98.9% exploit likelihood as of Aug 8, 2026.

87.0–88.6Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x and 2.3.x might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jul 10, 2017
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
99%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    apache

    Record text: The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x and 2.3.x might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x and 2.3.x might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage.
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Apache Struts 1 Improper Input Validation Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Apache Struts 1 Improper Input Validation Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 98.91% probability · 99.92th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.989080000000; percentile 0.999230000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Feb 10, 2022 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood98.91%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 8, 2026 · 99.9th percentile · first observed Aug 8, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

Outside this view’s verified evidence

Reason detail begins outside this selected snapshot; the state remains source-bound.

Source comparison

Who said what

apacheOriginal assertion
Record text

The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x and 2.3.x might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x and 2.3.x might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Apache Struts 1 Improper Input Validation Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Apache Struts 1 Improper Input Validation Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

98.91% probability · 99.92th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.989080000000; percentile 0.999230000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
33Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
33Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

2 scope groups

apache · source assertedApache Software FoundationApache StrutsDirect source scope
Affected: 2.1.x seriesAffected: 2.3.x series
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "2.1.x series"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "2.3.x series"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONapachestrutsVulnerable target · 33 assertions
Version 2.3.1; Version 2.3.1.1; Version 2.3.1.2; Version 2.3.12; Version 2.3.14; Version 2.3.14.1; Version 2.3.14.2; Version 2.3.14.3; Version 2.3.15; Version 2.3.15.1; Version 2.3.15.2; Version 2.3.15.3; Version 2.3.16; Version 2.3.16.1; Version 2.3.16.2; Version 2.3.16.3; Version 2.3.20; Version 2.3.20.1; Version 2.3.20.3; Version 2.3.24; Version 2.3.24.1; Version 2.3.24.3; Version 2.3.28; Version 2.3.28.1; Version 2.3.29; Version 2.3.3; Version 2.3.30; Version 2.3.31; Version 2.3.32; Version 2.3.4; Version 2.3.4.1; Version 2.3.7; Version 2.3.8Canonical identity product-9cd0052bcd831ad951c3a83f953006d77d3ff2278903b02b620cad9fb02389e0Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    bdc41957-8cca-46a6-bd31-4039eef3c457
  2. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 26
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    71823e13-1896-4ee4-a49c-cffb717ffd80
  3. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 13
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    44527919-8403-42a8-9ce1-3b4f58630f34
  4. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 12
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d25ed06a-f12c-443e-9b3f-fddf52fe9d93
  5. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2481505c-4fd1-4195-9e10-9dd741498fb2
  6. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 20
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8dc883a7-0766-4857-abc8-9db4ba713650
  7. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    0d152b29-fad5-4dea-b187-278ebd37feb4
  8. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    38a6ceed-6c43-4325-b36c-9f254ccdfdc0
  9. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 24
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    524c5119-416d-413b-bf1d-29291e23fdb2
  10. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    443b4e64-2a36-49c6-b09d-77b3bdf69709
  11. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a92aae08-4811-465a-8178-25f5f349b8ba
  12. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 11
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    be6820e3-8fdf-4bdf-8b62-e604a91f1280
  13. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.29:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 29
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    0afa78dd-b60c-46ad-bccb-4e15bb16bedc
  14. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.28.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 28
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    067f6249-cc5a-4402-843c-06d5f9f77267
  15. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 19
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    1225a0b0-c3f2-4579-bfe9-f8db2cf596f6
  16. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 22
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    6d1467bc-9bc8-402d-a420-615cf9698648
  17. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    4e3316da-9e34-4955-91ca-e35b141a7007
  18. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 18
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    eb3d5644-cfac-4fb5-a1fb-387f97876098
  19. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 16
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    f10d559e-04a0-4002-947c-d3902138795b
  20. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 14
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ebb91d8a-14b8-4263-b90d-f776535f9b8f
  21. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 23
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    880aea69-3705-447d-80ff-60753248158f
  22. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 21
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    22ff6282-0bca-46eb-9648-6ee3eda189f2
  23. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    41f43088-26aa-4890-a9d6-1b9b48d5f02a
  24. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    28ed63db-2aaf-4bc9-a844-074edf63c89a
  25. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 15
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fb525941-7175-43c1-9f17-814f5f7c72ca
  26. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.28:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 27
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c778aded-75b5-4ad3-8cdc-efdffad5a742
  27. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2ac68463-f500-471c-8600-8f8fd9743b12
  28. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.31:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 31
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    f327a6ea-69af-4eb2-8f17-8011678fab6d
  29. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b487975d-6394-4136-b45c-c1f209465b24
  30. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.30:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 30
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    1da1eabe-5292-44c2-8327-54201a42f204
  31. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.32:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 32
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    603faa0c-0908-4105-be3a-016b4a298264
  32. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 17
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    89203dd8-2c95-4546-9504-83654ffa5dbc
  33. cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 25
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    45446b16-f531-4c6d-b889-a8a6622c70a2

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 0 source-reported links

Applicability remains source-scoped; safety and exposure remain unassessed.

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.5
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P
9.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Affected-product evidence remains source-scoped; canonical linkage is required before applicability scoring.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.