CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2018-4878

A use-after-free vulnerability was discovered in Adobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161.

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Nov 3, 2021). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 7.8. EPSS estimates 89.5% exploit likelihood as of Aug 3, 2026.

83.7–84.6Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A use-after-free vulnerability was discovered in Adobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161. This vulnerability occurs due to a dangling pointer in the Primetime SDK related to media player handling of listener objects. A successful attack can lead to arbitrary code execution. This was exploited in the wild in January and February 2018.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Feb 6, 2018
Updated
Nov 17, 2025
Evidence coverage
98%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    adobe

    Record text: A use-after-free vulnerability was discovered in Adobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161. This vulnerability occurs due to a dangling pointer in the Primetime SDK related to media player handling of listener objects. A successful attack can lead to arbitrary code execution. This was exploited in the wild in January and February 2018.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A use-after-free vulnerability was discovered in Adobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161. This vulnerability occurs due to a dangling pointer in the Primetime SDK related to media player handling of listener objects. A successful attack can lead to arbitrary code execution. This was exploited in the wild in January and February 2018.
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Adobe Flash Player Use-After-Free Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Adobe Flash Player Use-After-Free Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 89.53% probability · 99.77th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.895320000000; percentile 0.997730000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Nov 3, 2021 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood89.53%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 3, 2026 · 99.8th percentile · first observed Aug 3, 2026

SeverityCVSS 7.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

adobeOriginal assertion
Record text

A use-after-free vulnerability was discovered in Adobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161. This vulnerability occurs due to a dangling pointer in the Primetime SDK related to media player handling of listener objects. A successful attack can lead to arbitrary code execution. This was exploited in the wild in January and February 2018.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A use-after-free vulnerability was discovered in Adobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161. This vulnerability occurs due to a dangling pointer in the Primetime SDK related to media player handling of listener objects. A successful attack can lead to arbitrary code execution. This was exploited in the wild in January and February 2018.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Adobe Flash Player Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Adobe Flash Player Use-After-Free Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

89.53% probability · 99.77th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.895320000000; percentile 0.997730000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
16Underlying assertions
10Canonical products
7Target assertions
9Constraint assertions

Grouped from 7 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

11 scope groups

adobe · source assertedn/aAdobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161Direct source scope
Affected: Adobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "Adobe Flash Player before 28.0.0.161"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONadobeflash_playerVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 28.0.0.161)Canonical identity product-1f43dd2fb9df2cb64d1a717194e5325cf3f2d14dbb24ebbb35d9226a3dc1cbe7Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:adobe:flash_player:*:*:*:*:*:chrome:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 28.0.0.161
    Match ID
    b5d4890f-79a6-4187-9556-7127678e0e19
  2. cpe:2.3:a:adobe:flash_player:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 28.0.0.161
    Match ID
    bb5fef26-84b9-4c1d-99ac-9e2e52a92390
  3. cpe:2.3:a:adobe:flash_player:*:*:*:*:*:edge:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 28.0.0.161
    Match ID
    eaad5b21-204e-4215-8892-cf0a78015ff9
  4. cpe:2.3:a:adobe:flash_player:*:*:*:*:*:internet_explorer_11:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 28.0.0.161
    Match ID
    c28ad3d1-3392-419d-8c5c-182ec92a5dca
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMapplemacosEnvironmental constraint · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-d6f53ba981bb58ea2b0d24855b8ff4a18555e3a17a9dce0d38460a69537bbc63Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    3 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    387021a0-af36-463c-a605-32ea7dac172e
  2. cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    387021a0-af36-463c-a605-32ea7dac172e
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMgooglechrome_osEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-b52d99a799eb1164ea8aa4323a348a4e22f9a18f12d38b746456eb597b7a5d3dLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:google:chrome_os:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    3 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d32acf6f-5ff7-4815-8ead-4719f5fc9b79
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMlinuxlinux_kernelEnvironmental constraint · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-0eda7a801761be4590f267cf319481c8c0aaa30546d99cc064edf77989ce05c9Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    703af700-7a70-47e2-bc3a-7fd03b3ca9c1
  2. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    3 · node/1 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    703af700-7a70-47e2-bc3a-7fd03b3ca9c1
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindowsEnvironmental constraint · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-6a798dc931affc038ba266631a506d54b455ffebd96b4fae68f77b6bd7aef178Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a2572d17-1de6-457b-99cc-64afd54487ea
  2. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    3 · node/1 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a2572d17-1de6-457b-99cc-64afd54487ea
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained)Canonical identity product-706d745b7981e13adc9253e654169f399f239fa0f1df2a375eb22fb6bc44afceLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fbc814b4-7dec-4efc-abff-08ffd9fd16aa
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_8.1Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained)Canonical identity product-7e46de82012029583622f69d79b86bc210b5bd25b8cb3bb4468936702b23c4b0Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_8.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a7f51b5f-aa19-4d31-89fa-6dfac4ba8f0f
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMredhatenterprise_linux_desktopVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 6.0Canonical identity product-ebce605e64c58caa7df6a30e91702332cd8c0be8f801e44353e6350e913ec5aeLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_desktop:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ee249e1b-a1fd-4e08-aa71-a0e1f10ffe97
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMredhatenterprise_linux_serverVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 6.0Canonical identity product-8db20157ede2f731f576213a7e555a24d2424bb17aed8e43ad9b77c3587f9deaLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_server:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    9bbcd86a-e6c7-4444-9d74-f861084090f0
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMredhatenterprise_linux_workstationVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 6.0Canonical identity product-b2aa744c9fb2b4ef0e3b842acbf37879ad4ac43af291292cfb0906170b204ab9Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_workstation:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    e5ed5807-55b7-47c5-97a6-03233f4fbc3a

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

4 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-70d8e9d1eb9ce5b2e6b4c9351aebc88bced6ea77611cbc8d5cdbe8115b6faed8 · product-1f43dd2fb9df2cb64d1a717194e5325cf3f2d14dbb24ebbb35d9226a3dc1cbe7

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
887c0110-c7de-440c-a97a-f22e194533c0c405cfde-01b1-4572-86bc-0bad33012c63c74181e9-bd1d-4fce-9bd9-ba405697532ed59c310b-1169-4f58-9550-3ee9200775ad
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-c759fafc60d6abc1277ecbf1ee6294d1f25ae0a4c7d5d0d9355c414b2db182cc · product-8db20157ede2f731f576213a7e555a24d2424bb17aed8e43ad9b77c3587f9dea

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
df845711-fc15-400c-aa0d-03b5e245d880
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-c759fafc60d6abc1277ecbf1ee6294d1f25ae0a4c7d5d0d9355c414b2db182cc · product-b2aa744c9fb2b4ef0e3b842acbf37879ad4ac43af291292cfb0906170b204ab9

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
5256c011-3e31-4011-a91f-39b6b56e08c5
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-c759fafc60d6abc1277ecbf1ee6294d1f25ae0a4c7d5d0d9355c414b2db182cc · product-ebce605e64c58caa7df6a30e91702332cd8c0be8f801e44353e6350e913ec5ae

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
e071a5d5-bd6c-470c-adcb-94e6b269262e
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
c69988c5-e1b9-43fd-974a-c1283b1cb04c

Assessments

CVSS by origin

7.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.5
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P
7.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.8Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
7.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.