CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2018-8406

An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when the DirectX Graphics Kernel (DXGKRNL) driver improperly handles objects in memory, aka "DirectX Graphics Kernel Elevation of…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 28, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 7.8. EPSS estimates 3.4% exploit likelihood as of Oct 22, 2026.

69.1–71.2Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when the DirectX Graphics Kernel (DXGKRNL) driver improperly handles objects in memory, aka "DirectX Graphics Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability." This affects Windows Server 2016, Windows 10, Windows 10 Servers. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2018-8400, CVE-2018-8401, CVE-2018-8405.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Aug 15, 2018
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
97%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    microsoft

    Record text: An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when the DirectX Graphics Kernel (DXGKRNL) driver improperly handles objects in memory, aka "DirectX Graphics Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability." This affects Windows Server 2016, Windows 10, Windows 10 Servers. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2018-8400, CVE-2018-8401, CVE-2018-8405.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when the DirectX Graphics Kernel (DXGKRNL) driver improperly handles objects in memory, aka "DirectX Graphics Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability." This affects Windows Server 2016, Windows 10, Windows 10 Servers. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2018-8400, CVE-2018-8401, CVE-2018-8405.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Microsoft DirectX Graphics Kernel Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Microsoft DirectX Graphics Kernel Privilege Escalation Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 3.44% probability · 88.93th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.034440000000; percentile 0.889330000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 28, 2022 · first observed Sep 1, 2026

Exploit likelihood3.44%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 22, 2026 · 88.9th percentile · first observed Oct 22, 2026

SeverityCVSS 7.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
microsoftOriginal assertion
Record text

An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when the DirectX Graphics Kernel (DXGKRNL) driver improperly handles objects in memory, aka "DirectX Graphics Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability." This affects Windows Server 2016, Windows 10, Windows 10 Servers. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2018-8400, CVE-2018-8401, CVE-2018-8405.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when the DirectX Graphics Kernel (DXGKRNL) driver improperly handles objects in memory, aka "DirectX Graphics Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability." This affects Windows Server 2016, Windows 10, Windows 10 Servers. This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2018-8400, CVE-2018-8401, CVE-2018-8405.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Microsoft DirectX Graphics Kernel Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Microsoft DirectX Graphics Kernel Privilege Escalation Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

3.44% probability · 88.93th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.034440000000; percentile 0.889330000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
13Underlying assertions
8Canonical products
13Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

11 scope groups

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 10Direct source scope
Affected: 32-bit SystemsAffected: Version 1607 for 32-bit SystemsAffected: Version 1607 for x64-based SystemsAffected: Version 1703 for 32-bit SystemsAffected: Version 1703 for x64-based SystemsAffected: Version 1709 for 32-bit SystemsAffected: Version 1709 for x64-based SystemsAffected: Version 1803 for 32-bit SystemsAffected: Version 1803 for x64-based SystemsAffected: x64-based Systems
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "32-bit Systems"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "Version 1607 for 32-bit Systems"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "Version 1607 for x64-based Systems"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "Version 1703 for 32-bit Systems"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "Version 1703 for x64-based Systems"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "Version 1709 for 32-bit Systems"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "Version 1709 for x64-based Systems"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "Version 1803 for 32-bit Systems"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "Version 1803 for x64-based Systems"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "x64-based Systems"}]
microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 10 ServersDirect source scope
Affected: version 1709 (Server Core Installation)Affected: version 1803 (Server Core Installation)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "version 1709 (Server Core Installation)"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "version 1803 (Server Core Installation)"}]
microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2016Direct source scope
Affected: (Server Core installation)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "(Server Core installation)"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1507Vulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-9851bd571b8ab08bca589cd73710badfef557d036f0fb7707f694f1c9f597cb4Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1507:-:*:*:*:*:*:x86:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    28a7fee9-b473-48a0-b0ed-a5cc1e44194c
  2. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1507:-:*:*:*:*:*:x64:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a045ac0a-471e-444c-b3b0-4cabc23e8cfb
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1607Vulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-740fec3e9838b5eabe76ebe27e4d0d7a4cb2e0ef7e13923300d3d0b51e3fce1cLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1607:-:*:*:*:*:*:x86:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    0a1bc97a-263e-4291-8aef-02ee4e6031e9
  2. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1607:-:*:*:*:*:*:x64:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    5e491e46-1917-41fe-8f9a-bb0bddeb42c3
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1703Vulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-2f3550a8fd2528ab6e756c5ea638f5f3dc368adee47ca6f01d64918c0b9eb2a5Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1703:-:*:*:*:*:*:x86:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8733bf37-7bf2-409d-9452-da8a92da1124
  2. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1703:-:*:*:*:*:*:x64:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b98db3ff-cc3b-4e9f-a9cc-ec4c89af3b31
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1709Vulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-d059dbfcd39652adfca6d48669484008cb5d4a8b33116c81ee002cd9101904afLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1709:-:*:*:*:*:*:x86:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d76003fb-ee99-4d8e-b6a0-b13c2041e5a0
  2. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1709:-:*:*:*:*:*:x64:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    469f95d3-abbb-4f1a-a000-be0f6bd60ff6
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1803Vulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-5e821ea3746af154a469c180e78b9f4d663edf21461517987eed76740c7910c1Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1803:-:*:*:*:*:*:x64:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d82f8af7-ed01-4649-849e-f248f0e02384
  2. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1803:-:*:*:*:*:*:x86:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c1cfb53b-b17b-47bd-bac1-c6c5d168ffb6
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_server_1709Vulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-ff9203e1d48a9425faa287000b301451cdbb2a9defda0e208f1ce06fd168da7dLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_1709:-:*:*:*:*:*:x64:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    9efb4440-2b6b-486f-94d4-7d9c80301e51
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_server_1803Vulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-a74a0925fd770075058392e2bb7a5408e96a296354955527de213995d5070448Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_1803:-:*:*:*:*:*:x64:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 11
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fd3218d1-be39-4ceb-a88f-e715b722862b
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_server_2016Vulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-02e254d111ce604757a15650ef469f4f8365d6247da82ce3ac2695c3cfc7dc5fLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_server_2016:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 12
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    041ff8ba-0b12-4a1f-b4bf-9c4f33b7c1e7

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

8 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-02e254d111ce604757a15650ef469f4f8365d6247da82ce3ac2695c3cfc7dc5f

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
57273edb-8407-413d-a618-fb2aac8b1142
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-2f3550a8fd2528ab6e756c5ea638f5f3dc368adee47ca6f01d64918c0b9eb2a5

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0ab0aebd-2188-41f7-8a6b-11658e83c914b3700ba5-8ac0-4810-9291-8349152d1b3c
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-5e821ea3746af154a469c180e78b9f4d663edf21461517987eed76740c7910c1

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
1e1e59d6-8192-40de-ba28-8fe3de337e0a4469b1e9-a3ef-4126-a60d-1c111b4c1f2f
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-740fec3e9838b5eabe76ebe27e4d0d7a4cb2e0ef7e13923300d3d0b51e3fce1c

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
b6dcf86e-4a46-4b77-ad5f-e78ae315e933cb1f7129-6d73-44a9-8b0a-6a8255ac1b27
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-9851bd571b8ab08bca589cd73710badfef557d036f0fb7707f694f1c9f597cb4

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
07c0268d-816e-4fc0-b55c-9ba4dcc561857953ea80-f1ae-4e58-8af7-715e971f09c0
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-a74a0925fd770075058392e2bb7a5408e96a296354955527de213995d5070448

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
c51e7cc6-9fc6-4b79-8f57-743666d501db
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-d059dbfcd39652adfca6d48669484008cb5d4a8b33116c81ee002cd9101904af

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
2063a16b-ac16-4579-8c65-6a0f2afcf30f93c91c8f-fc62-4f53-bfa6-a168fe5856cf
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-01299a5a765aea70faa05f2d06e0c26a5d498fd34553e868d89e8a43b31864db · product-ff9203e1d48a9425faa287000b301451cdbb2a9defda0e208f1ce06fd168da7d

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
3b6b6d00-ac9c-4687-b81d-9cd928b4301a
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0a85fa4d-0b4e-4e35-8f3c-7049d87fb4c477a395b4-7556-4c94-83bf-6d074c2876a5c9136f11-e37b-485d-b911-c3c6d2bb9008

Assessments

CVSS by origin

7.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.2
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C
7.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.8Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
7.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.