CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2019-10149

A flaw was found in Exim versions 4.87 to 4.91 (inclusive).

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jan 10, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 100.0% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

89.8–90.6Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A flaw was found in Exim versions 4.87 to 4.91 (inclusive). Improper validation of recipient address in deliver_message() function in /src/deliver.c may lead to remote command execution.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jun 5, 2019
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
97%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    redhat

    Record text: A flaw was found in Exim versions 4.87 to 4.91 (inclusive). Improper validation of recipient address in deliver_message() function in /src/deliver.c may lead to remote command execution.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A flaw was found in Exim versions 4.87 to 4.91 (inclusive). Improper validation of recipient address in deliver_message() function in /src/deliver.c may lead to remote command execution.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Exim Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Improper Input Validation

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Exim Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Improper Input Validation
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 99.96% probability · 99.98th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.999610000000; percentile 0.999750000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jan 10, 2022 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood99.96%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 100th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
redhatOriginal assertion
Record text

A flaw was found in Exim versions 4.87 to 4.91 (inclusive). Improper validation of recipient address in deliver_message() function in /src/deliver.c may lead to remote command execution.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A flaw was found in Exim versions 4.87 to 4.91 (inclusive). Improper validation of recipient address in deliver_message() function in /src/deliver.c may lead to remote command execution.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Exim Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Improper Input Validation

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Exim Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Improper Input Validation
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

99.96% probability · 99.98th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.999610000000; percentile 0.999750000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
4Underlying assertions
3Canonical products
4Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 2 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

4 scope groups

redhat · source assertedeximeximDirect source scope
Affected: 4.92
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.92"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMcanonicalubuntu_linuxVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version 18.04; Version 18.10Canonical identity product-a18840e4673d48e569064752e9575849e99b3f173c63d7c965c4c193bcaebef2Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:18.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    07c312a0-cd2c-4b9c-b064-6409b25c278f
  2. cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:18.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    23a7c53f-b80f-4e6a-afa9-58eea84be11d
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMdebiandebian_linuxVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 9.0Canonical identity product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447eLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    deece5fc-cacf-4496-a3e7-164736409252
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONeximeximVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.87, <= 4.91)Canonical identity product-efebb0a3df0d8d42a6d09385b1d26c8b530c87cc22d65add7a70a4bfb865af10Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:exim:exim:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.87; through including 4.91
    Match ID
    ec82dbb1-f6aa-445b-9d2c-12393656a5d4

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

3 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-66ae8c5e06427f7450637d18322b0dc411c0b469d940341cf076a620d444fe3c · product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447e

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
c8b63a02-d701-42f7-a3af-d73c525d7bb5
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-c57a6167e95991f72f9616ac32b40463ac13c5f4929fcce3efc058b09a445b54 · product-a18840e4673d48e569064752e9575849e99b3f173c63d7c965c4c193bcaebef2

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
730f024e-737f-4bba-a42f-3c985454ed2ccbc1f429-505d-46f7-a23c-0e9d9af23818
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-02bb411b8f4051792423ae5f9d4f9a20ea5f5f56b9c71f5135e8224f44b2537d · product-efebb0a3df0d8d42a6d09385b1d26c8b530c87cc22d65add7a70a4bfb865af10

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
f82d5eba-6cd6-4072-8adb-fdf56c79715a
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
7d522af3-c8de-447c-a23b-45de42585ef1

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
10.0
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C
9.0
secalert@redhat.comCVSS 3.0 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.0
redhatCVSS 3.0 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.0Priority eligible

redhat

CVSS 3.0 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.0
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.