CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2020-29557

An issue was discovered on D-Link DIR-825 R1 devices through 3.0.1 before 2020-11-20.

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Nov 3, 2021). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 54.3% exploit likelihood as of Aug 26, 2026.

81.9–83.4Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

An issue was discovered on D-Link DIR-825 R1 devices through 3.0.1 before 2020-11-20. A buffer overflow in the web interface allows attackers to achieve pre-authentication remote code execution.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jan 29, 2021
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
92%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    mitre

    Record text: An issue was discovered on D-Link DIR-825 R1 devices through 3.0.1 before 2020-11-20. A buffer overflow in the web interface allows attackers to achieve pre-authentication remote code execution.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    An issue was discovered on D-Link DIR-825 R1 devices through 3.0.1 before 2020-11-20. A buffer overflow in the web interface allows attackers to achieve pre-authentication remote code execution.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: D-Link DIR-825 R1 Devices Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    D-Link DIR-825 R1 Devices Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 54.32% probability · 98.93th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.543200000000; percentile 0.989310000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Nov 3, 2021 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood54.32%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 26, 2026 · 98.9th percentile · first observed Aug 26, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
mitreOriginal assertion
Record text

An issue was discovered on D-Link DIR-825 R1 devices through 3.0.1 before 2020-11-20. A buffer overflow in the web interface allows attackers to achieve pre-authentication remote code execution.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
An issue was discovered on D-Link DIR-825 R1 devices through 3.0.1 before 2020-11-20. A buffer overflow in the web interface allows attackers to achieve pre-authentication remote code execution.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

D-Link DIR-825 R1 Devices Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
D-Link DIR-825 R1 Devices Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

54.32% probability · 98.93th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.543200000000; percentile 0.989310000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
7Underlying assertions
6Canonical products
1Target assertions
6Constraint assertions

Grouped from 2 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

7 scope groups

mitre · source assertedn/an/aDirect source scope
Affected: n/a
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "n/a"}]
NVD CPE · HARDWAREdlinkdir-825Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version r1Canonical identity product-a160323af677f381782d1f16864b1dadd6d54aa8b47856b2841e6c921027e285Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:dlink:dir-825:r1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    20e00b08-c149-4f58-8d9f-70f51094aba4
NVD CPE · HARDWAREdlinkdir-825/aEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version d1aCanonical identity product-ffd00e9e5195e94044000a330d8a098b63c318411cc41b140498fcbda362358dLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:dlink:dir-825\/a:d1a:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d166832f-323a-4d97-a0bc-bc1c5ffabc15
NVD CPE · HARDWAREdlinkdir-825/acEnvironmental constraint · 2 assertions
Version e; Version e1aCanonical identity product-8ff6bf2348009530fbdf01dbf0c4bd0e829e5db71d59ec19444c37af37f8099cLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:h:dlink:dir-825\/ac:e:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    31a2917e-3dd9-4744-b46b-d82119dc986f
  2. cpe:2.3:h:dlink:dir-825\/ac:e1a:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8723a1a3-66f8-4393-8ad2-799e6960058d
NVD CPE · HARDWAREdlinkdir-825/acfEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version f1Canonical identity product-2f1af8899328394d4af61c965bf16bb9cec342342d82ee702d351f516fd3a6b9Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:dlink:dir-825\/acf:f1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    60ba2c90-ef68-4ac3-b09c-7cecde2a891e
NVD CPE · HARDWAREdlinkdir-825/gfEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version gfCanonical identity product-d8a296cb8b491744cb47097dee075eb1d050b2ff74a185c0b1d61dfc48a3e108Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:dlink:dir-825\/gf:gf:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ab58664e-6140-4b48-988e-c13391ac7166
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMdlinkdir-825_r1_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (<= 3.0.1)Canonical identity product-aac6615765ed4bfe44f320925a4abfce1eaa1a2d8adbb884c619327b5554d2efLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:dlink:dir-825_r1_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through including 3.0.1
    Match ID
    34db7f07-2d64-4532-bf64-28ba4b19ed89

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

1 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-63b4eb7686e07dcd86850729591b5c1d9eee457c4dfc395dd47498ea390af81f · product-aac6615765ed4bfe44f320925a4abfce1eaa1a2d8adbb884c619327b5554d2ef

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
52cbd137-6f14-48a7-ac9f-764add67b5da
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
e4288044-58a3-464a-a61c-52a25cdf661d

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
10.0
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C
9.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.8Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.