CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2021-25489

Assuming radio permission is gained, missing input validation in modem interface driver prior to SMR Oct-2021 Release 1 results in format string bug leading to kernel panic.

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jun 29, 2023). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 5.5. Severity assessments differ within at least one CVSS version. EPSS estimates 0.5% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

52.3–59.4Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

Assuming radio permission is gained, missing input validation in modem interface driver prior to SMR Oct-2021 Release 1 results in format string bug leading to kernel panic.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Oct 6, 2021
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
86%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    Samsung Mobile

    Record text: Assuming radio permission is gained, missing input validation in modem interface driver prior to SMR Oct-2021 Release 1 results in format string bug leading to kernel panic.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Assuming radio permission is gained, missing input validation in modem interface driver prior to SMR Oct-2021 Release 1 results in format string bug leading to kernel panic.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Samsung Mobile Devices Improper Input Validation Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Samsung Mobile Devices Improper Input Validation Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 0.53% probability · 42.63th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.005310000000; percentile 0.426260000000
    Original evidence ↗

Assessments differ

NVD5.5CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted
NVD4.9CVSS 2.0 · source date omitted
mobile.security@samsung.com3.3CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted

Values are shown separately by source and CVSS version.

ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jun 29, 2023 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood0.53%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 42.6th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityAssessments differ

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · values shown separately below

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentAssessments differ

Eligible assertions materially conflict and remain visible side by side.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve conflict
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
Samsung MobileOriginal assertion
Record text

Assuming radio permission is gained, missing input validation in modem interface driver prior to SMR Oct-2021 Release 1 results in format string bug leading to kernel panic.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Assuming radio permission is gained, missing input validation in modem interface driver prior to SMR Oct-2021 Release 1 results in format string bug leading to kernel panic.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Samsung Mobile Devices Improper Input Validation Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Samsung Mobile Devices Improper Input Validation Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

0.53% probability · 42.63th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.005310000000; percentile 0.426260000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
28Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
28Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

2 scope groups

Samsung Mobile · source assertedSamsung MobileSamsung Mobile DevicesDirect source scope
Affected: O(8.1), P(9.0), Q(10.0), R(11.0) to before SMR Oct-2021 Release 1 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "O(8.1), P(9.0), Q(10.0), R(11.0)", "lessThan": "SMR Oct-2021 Release 1", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMsamsungandroidVulnerable target · 28 assertions
Version 10.0; Version 11.0; Version 8.1; Version 9.0Canonical identity product-bfc06cdae9e73738e7672364f70046bdc0b0c8dcf806dda71f982d32086f0748Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:9.0:smr-may-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b5a0003a-1655-4945-988e-c79cc8a41b11
  2. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:11.0:smr-jul-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 23
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2b088de9-31f1-4737-8bc8-cc406f208acb
  3. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:11.0:smr-aug-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 20
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a3658a42-bca9-4188-8b36-3c6599bbf83c
  4. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:11.0:smr-mar-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 25
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ba51f5d5-d18d-426c-b09f-ee12ce11e9fb
  5. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:9.0:smr-aug-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    878d73ca-d317-4304-b7fb-00de79da7074
  6. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:10.0:smr-apr-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    5e21936d-9a60-4987-a6bf-c8f1885fb478
  7. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:9.0:smr-mar-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    62a933c7-9739-43dd-851e-0c2009858b77
  8. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:11.0:smr-may-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 26
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    6c946853-d56d-457c-a1cb-ad1a5bd56c41
  9. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:10.0:smr-may-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 17
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    0cc8a026-b21c-47e0-b889-bd62f379737e
  10. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:11.0:smr-sep-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 27
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    548bcc15-c6d8-4ae7-b167-4dd74382097b
  11. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:10.0:smr-mar-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 16
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    7eba9c21-8eda-48b2-b63c-d50b2f83c31b
  12. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:11.0:smr-feb-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 21
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    25b42ce0-67de-4611-8d70-deec975e32ba
  13. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:10.0:smr-jul-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 14
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    84641402-4778-418b-90f3-2afaf90b4798
  14. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:9.0:smr-apr-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c690d390-5631-4294-aeb8-9a4c5564fa44
  15. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:10.0:smr-jan-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 13
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    878aaf2d-e54a-4145-a618-81341ed4b0c8
  16. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:11.0:smr-jun-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 24
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c2592b14-b3b7-4c85-88e8-5e12f6f50ed3
  17. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:9.0:smr-sep-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    620ef7bf-1a66-4e96-a05a-2296c9272a34
  18. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:9.0:smr-jul-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    30154ab6-c412-48d6-9123-42639b116093
  19. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:11.0:smr-jan-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 22
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ac082e25-1b7d-473d-a066-1463e6321cd5
  20. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:8.1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    3e4f5c8c-af0c-47f4-a3b0-a6d924fb72bb
  21. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:9.0:smr-jun-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    6538d01c-1645-4c4b-8559-ea20ffcd87f2
  22. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:10.0:smr-jun-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 15
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c72c3a92-43ed-40f4-b340-fe57fed9e762
  23. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:10.0:smr-aug-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 11
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2559edcb-09f8-4ac0-ae53-9b0e934d2d74
  24. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:9.0:smr-jan-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b93a5f5f-bf53-44d3-9583-811cc284df86
  25. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:9.0:smr-feb-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    3b9a3b41-aac9-4e23-a265-959a9852b94c
  26. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:11.0:smr-apr-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 19
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8d2d0083-0a85-47f7-a42d-2040a3bec132
  27. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:10.0:smr-feb-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 12
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    18c71f11-7599-4ae1-b455-c7a50d8d5f4d
  28. cpe:2.3:o:samsung:android:10.0:smr-sep-2021-r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 18
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    5b1dcd3c-2418-4194-97fa-901550b2ed3d

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

1 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-f5dacb581a70d8167abc17518c04a02619f423bdc572eef0300ff12be72a5a70 · product-bfc06cdae9e73738e7672364f70046bdc0b0c8dcf806dda71f982d32086f0748

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
28
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0f41ee9c-4ce2-449c-aa5b-af16429c2dce122c5c02-42e3-4f9a-a654-53be5491cdc61b65d422-a9a8-4376-9cc1-338b4d1c0b27254df091-befb-4023-9642-d44cd5febf8d296009cd-1c21-4965-9a5b-b89e04785131298d3aa9-a5ff-4db4-be68-416945cb50a6390e118d-d4f1-44ca-b8d6-a2f4a4ea3f354f0818fe-bae8-4c73-b4bd-4c316a39fe2c5652cfe5-b3ec-48e6-b81e-78f3ac9904db5d52e2cf-36e4-4a8f-b2a5-072f043390fb739c81e9-9e2d-4cc7-9f27-d9073a19ed1d75ccaa76-e776-43be-a954-2e6b98303e0975df7a6d-26b1-42fd-a303-8e7869974b707a201c8a-2bb4-4c59-98da-2e3e1341161382041276-a691-42d5-b900-3a21370c420d84224355-df23-4625-8e6b-41ebaeba326b84c87519-bfbb-48cd-9e32-e367684ec8e689a74c34-8493-4fe3-9f21-cc6a743b435f94ed15b8-ff69-428e-896b-f3f61412f8709a5f1db3-6d1a-49c5-a0a2-ef63c30dc2d59ae0f1bd-a518-4132-a369-e8e552fb5ec3b64622e0-a1a6-493c-9432-be2dfd23eda3b8f56ab6-717d-47e2-a371-e4e1fb34008dc736c868-ab99-4573-8bbd-5d2f12303fa8deb4d91b-79a0-4599-bb32-f0136cf756ade2633757-e7d9-44ab-978f-575ef2e6554ee30e616b-5f45-41a7-8d78-7da192d19661eca9ad30-e790-4bea-83cf-12443b058b80
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
f9133fff-deb9-43cc-9e09-4f6d2ddd38fc

Assessments

CVSS by origin

5.5
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
4.9
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:C
3.3
mobile.security@samsung.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
3.3
Samsung MobileCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

3.3Priority eligible

Samsung Mobile

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
3.3
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.