CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2021-28663

CVE-2021-28663

69.0–84.5Priority evidence range
As known Jul 19, 2026, 5:00 AM UTCgen-56ccdaf9

Normalized restatement

The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading to a use-after-free. This affects Bifrost r0p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, Valhall r19p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, and Midgard r4p0 through r30p0.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
May 10, 2021
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
85%
CISA KEVCatalog member

Apply updates per vendor instructions.

FIRST EPSS12.08%

2026-07-18 · v2026.06.15 · percentile 95.7%

Source stateNo scored conflict

Distinct CVSS assessments remain side by side; none are averaged.

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPindependent enrichment
container

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

CVEderivative copy
container

CVE Program Container

mitreoriginal assertion
container

The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading to a use-after-free. This affects Bifrost r0p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, Valhall r19p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, and Midgard r4p0 through r30p0.

CISA KEVoriginal assertion
observed_exploitation

Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Use-After-Free Vulnerability

FIRST EPSSoriginal assertion
model_probability

Probability 0.120840000000; percentile 0.956830000000

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
armbifrost_gpu_kernel_driver
[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "r28p0"}]unknown
armmidgard_gpu_kernel_driver
[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "r30p0"}]unknown
armvalhall_gpu_kernel_driver
[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "r28p0"}]unknown
n/an/a
[{"status": "affected", "version": "n/a"}]unknown
Unknown vendorUnknown product
cpe:2.3:a:arm:bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including r0p0; end excluding r29p0supported
Unknown vendorUnknown product
cpe:2.3:a:arm:midgard_gpu_kernel_driver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including r4p0; end excluding r31p0supported
Unknown vendorUnknown product
cpe:2.3:a:arm:valhall_gpu_kernel_driver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including r19p0; end excluding r29p0supported

Assessments

CVSS by origin

8.8
nvd@nist.govCVSS 3.1 · role PrimaryCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.0
nvd@nist.govCVSS 2.0 · role PrimaryAV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C
8.8
134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0CVSS 3.1 · role SecondaryCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknownCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Limitations and unknowns

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; unresolved scope remains unknown.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative and are not independent corroboration.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Factor D is unknown in Public Core because no accepted canonical mapping-obligation ledger is present.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.