CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2021-31010

A deserialization issue was addressed through improved validation.

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Aug 25, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 7.5. EPSS estimates 3.7% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

67.6–71.0Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A deserialization issue was addressed through improved validation. This issue is fixed in Security Update 2021-005 Catalina, iOS 12.5.5, iOS 14.8 and iPadOS 14.8, macOS Big Sur 11.6, watchOS 7.6.2. A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox restrictions. Apple was aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited at the time of release..

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Aug 24, 2021
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
97%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    apple

    Record text: A deserialization issue was addressed through improved validation. This issue is fixed in Security Update 2021-005 Catalina, iOS 12.5.5, iOS 14.8 and iPadOS 14.8, macOS Big Sur 11.6, watchOS 7.6.2. A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox restrictions. Apple was aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited at the time of release..

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A deserialization issue was addressed through improved validation. This issue is fixed in Security Update 2021-005 Catalina, iOS 12.5.5, iOS 14.8 and iPadOS 14.8, macOS Big Sur 11.6, watchOS 7.6.2. A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox restrictions. Apple was aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited at the time of release..
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Apple iOS, macOS, watchOS Sandbox Bypass Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Apple iOS, macOS, watchOS Sandbox Bypass Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 3.67% probability · 88.84th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.036730000000; percentile 0.888390000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Aug 25, 2022 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood3.67%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 88.8th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 7.5

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

appleOriginal assertion
Record text

A deserialization issue was addressed through improved validation. This issue is fixed in Security Update 2021-005 Catalina, iOS 12.5.5, iOS 14.8 and iPadOS 14.8, macOS Big Sur 11.6, watchOS 7.6.2. A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox restrictions. Apple was aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited at the time of release..

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A deserialization issue was addressed through improved validation. This issue is fixed in Security Update 2021-005 Catalina, iOS 12.5.5, iOS 14.8 and iPadOS 14.8, macOS Big Sur 11.6, watchOS 7.6.2. A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox restrictions. Apple was aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited at the time of release..
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Apple iOS, macOS, watchOS Sandbox Bypass Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Apple iOS, macOS, watchOS Sandbox Bypass Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

3.67% probability · 88.84th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.036730000000; percentile 0.888390000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
22Underlying assertions
5Canonical products
22Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

10 scope groups

apple · source assertedApplemacOSDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 11.6 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "11.6", "versionType": "custom"}]
apple · source assertedApplemacOSDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 2021 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "2021", "versionType": "custom"}]
apple · source assertedApplewatchOSDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 7.6 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "7.6", "versionType": "custom"}]
apple · source assertedApplewatchOSDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 14.8 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "14.8", "versionType": "custom"}]
apple · source assertedApplewatchOSDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 12.5 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "12.5", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMappleipadosVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 14.8)Canonical identity product-8e7094ac066248cd4828b6ec8e3a96d010ed1c68f6083af46638775d737da0adLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 14.8
    Match ID
    fcd67b72-0b1d-46a8-a149-8149ed749fec
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMappleiphone_osVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 12.0, < 12.5.5); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 14.0, < 14.8)Canonical identity product-665d7155d02581979844685e7fca6c2680af997f9200af455887b1c71c483272Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 12.0; through excluding 12.5.5
    Match ID
    5527d436-59ea-4acb-8828-1d62bdebcaad
  2. cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 14.0; through excluding 14.8
    Match ID
    c500ea50-9de1-42f7-8c6d-d0409c2ee734
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMapplemacosVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 11.0, < 11.6)Canonical identity product-d6f53ba981bb58ea2b0d24855b8ff4a18555e3a17a9dce0d38460a69537bbc63Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 20
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 11.0; through excluding 11.6
    Match ID
    1c416cde-c6b5-4f68-8095-a4657f64c370
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMapplemac_os_xVulnerable target · 17 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 10.15, < 10.15.7); Version 10.15.7Canonical identity product-94613e1f5039e71a9805f20421d56ac6a61e2707d3f97a08fdf6823a65dc7b76Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2022-002:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 16
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    20a2fdb2-6712-406a-9896-c0b44508b07d
  2. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2021-003:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 11
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a54d63b7-b92b-47c3-b1c5-9892e5873a98
  3. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2021-006:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 12
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    012052b5-9aa7-4fd3-9c80-5f615330039d
  4. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2021-002:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d425c653-37a2-448c-bf2f-b684adb08a26
  5. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2020:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    f12cc8b5-c1eb-419e-8496-b9a3864656ad
  6. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2020-007:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2703de0b-8a9e-4a9d-9ae8-028e22bf47ca
  7. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2022-003:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 17
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    49f537a0-dc42-4176-b22f-c80d179dd99d
  8. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2020-005:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    7fd7176c-f4d1-43a7-9e49-ba92ca0d9980
  9. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a654b8a2-fc30-4171-b0bb-366cd7ed4b6a
  10. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2021-008:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 14
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8e974dc6-f7d9-4389-9af9-863f6e419ce6
  11. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2022-001:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 15
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    156a6382-2bd3-4882-90b2-8e7cf6659e17
  12. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:supplemental_update:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 19
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c1c795b9-e58d-467c-83a8-2d45c792292f
  13. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2021-007:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 13
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    50f21a3c-0ac3-48c5-a4f8-5a7b478875b4
  14. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2021-001:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    0f441a43-1669-478d-9ec8-e96882de4f9f
  15. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2022-004:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 18
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    1e463183-7e29-464f-b459-f3e1d62501fc
  16. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2020-001:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    f1f4bf7f-90d4-4668-b4e6-b06f4070f448
  17. cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 10.15; through excluding 10.15.7
    Match ID
    db8a73f8-3074-4b32-b9f6-343b6b1988c5
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMapplewatchosVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 7.6.2)Canonical identity product-1b28e85eba5cb27cd93d563b4ea63a555b916484cee543c65fdbe57d529fc0d1Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:watchos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 21
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 7.6.2
    Match ID
    3232c3b6-d79f-4fdb-9621-4e314798ad7d

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

5 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-1b28e85eba5cb27cd93d563b4ea63a555b916484cee543c65fdbe57d529fc0d1

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
44537768-50dd-4da1-b91e-413bb07ce9b5
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-665d7155d02581979844685e7fca6c2680af997f9200af455887b1c71c483272

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
ad022f83-40da-4a57-b1db-dab7e63b96afb8f99f31-ac25-49ff-bb71-9e6ad152f631
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-8e7094ac066248cd4828b6ec8e3a96d010ed1c68f6083af46638775d737da0ad

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
f6d48037-dcdc-4f84-b043-55ff078266ad
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-94613e1f5039e71a9805f20421d56ac6a61e2707d3f97a08fdf6823a65dc7b76

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
17
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
13d5288d-efa1-4160-b450-9d323624b1ed27386d03-d178-4352-9bc6-24df7864f7322a5a0744-3ee7-4017-b22b-f6509cf621a63219b1ba-b18f-4ebe-bab7-f9eb284f6b114f8ff1ef-580d-4fbe-a9c8-a696ba6488536f5cdc09-14f9-4515-a6a6-76d4cede9a2c7028575e-901c-49e1-944f-b9c6d7907e7a726b990d-9d8a-4050-a32e-34ee3953a47d7b0736f3-9fef-45f2-95ee-3b7edd2819fa7e614e59-d7a6-4f49-8310-568d9281dc0485eee16d-137e-4ed6-8e42-4d442de0c88ca3d2959c-2bb4-40de-bf0f-714e52e4f50fcdac0d09-2ebd-4b80-8b99-6e18aa84a0dbe12d3658-d9e5-4085-a789-1f13a68b69bfe9ed4763-db0b-4ecd-8dfd-3cc147ae87d4ec62d447-7177-434f-9288-8d52bbd3208af6d74542-553e-42ad-a112-076f54d4d2a9
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-d6f53ba981bb58ea2b0d24855b8ff4a18555e3a17a9dce0d38460a69537bbc63

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
8ea12b22-cd73-4eb2-bf90-d378d26c4519
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
5
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
2bef68e4-ad4d-42e1-b7c8-2160e0c977fb3d39ae0e-c928-4832-9c52-4bc696582a3b51047015-ef5f-4f7b-947b-a428362a2d615e58e565-3cea-4292-9f55-969ac192a3efeadbc806-8b6d-4e36-9720-039e01901274

Assessments

CVSS by origin

7.5
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
5.0
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N
7.5
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
7.5
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.5Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
7.5
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.