CISA KEV · catalog date Dec 15, 2021 · first observed Jul 19, 2026
Evidence dossier
CVE-2021-43890
Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Dec 15, 2021). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 7.1. EPSS estimates 10.3% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.
As of Aug 27, 2026
Normalized restatement
We have investigated reports of a spoofing vulnerability in AppX installer that affects Microsoft Windows. Microsoft is aware of attacks that attempt to exploit this vulnerability by using specially crafted packages that include the malware family known as Emotet/Trickbot/Bazaloader. An attacker could craft a malicious attachment to be used in phishing campaigns. The attacker would then have to convince the user to open the specially crafted attachment. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights. Please see the Security Updates table for the link to the updated app. Alternatively you can download and install the Installer using the links provided in the FAQ section. Please see the Mitigations and Workaround sections for important information about steps you can take to protect your system from this vulnerability. December 27 2023 Update: In recent months, Microsoft Threat Intelligence has seen an increase in activity from threat actors leveraging social engineering and phishing techniques to target Windows OS users and utilizing the ms-appinstaller URI scheme. To address this increase in activity, we have updated the App Installer to disable the ms-appinstaller protocol by default and recommend other potential mitigations.
- State
- PUBLISHED
- Published
- Dec 15, 2021
- Updated
- Aug 6, 2026
- Evidence coverage
- 85%
Evidence chronology
What was known when
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCACISA KEVOriginal evidence ↗
Exploitation cataloged: Microsoft Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Microsoft Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCACISA-ADPOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCACVE ProgramOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: CVE Program Container
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CVE Program Container
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAmicrosoftOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCAFIRST EPSSOriginal evidence ↗
EPSS score: 10.3% probability · 95.35th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.102950000000; percentile 0.953450000000
FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 95.3th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026
NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Aug 6, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot
Evidence detail
Source limits and decisions
Why each evidence state has this value
casca-unknown-reasons-v1Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- evidence-policy-v1.1.0
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- evidence-policy-v1.1.0
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.
- Revision
- casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- Resolve identity
Source comparison
Who said what
Microsoft Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Microsoft Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
CVE Program Container
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CVE Program Container
Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
10.3% probability · 95.35th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.102950000000; percentile 0.953450000000
Applicability
Cited product scope
Grouped from 4 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.
Identity source boundaries
- Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z
27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa - Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z
955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e
13 scope groups
Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "1.0.0.0", "lessThan": "publication", "versionType": "custom"}]product-b44f47d6822461bb83c92c5f9fcf6a4dd8c10263b5300085ddd1c02a4c82990dLinked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:app_installer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 1 · node/0 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- through excluding 1.11
- Match ID
62b0a730-2442-4c85-8cfa-098d4dadff8c
cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:app_installer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- through excluding 1.16
- Match ID
f5f1f637-0d18-4cbe-a56b-dea530acc1b0
product-9851bd571b8ab08bca589cd73710badfef557d036f0fb7707f694f1c9f597cb4Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1507:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
542daeec-73cc-46c6-a630-bf474a3446ac
product-d059dbfcd39652adfca6d48669484008cb5d4a8b33116c81ee002cd9101904afLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1709:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
ac160b20-3ea0-49a0-a857-4e7a1c2d74e2
product-5e821ea3746af154a469c180e78b9f4d663edf21461517987eed76740c7910c1Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1803:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 2
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
00345596-e9e0-4096-8dc6-0212f4747a13
product-a3084138383423221f61594e86f5b295e5e254acd7ae5284f45e0877a084db43Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1809:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
2e332666-2e03-468e-bc30-299816d6e8ed
product-9868fa1c12254f9aff51c0302ecb2ea1ab1d9ca0547bde09677154b24f8c7c61Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1903:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
a363ce8f-f399-4b6e-9e7d-349792f95ddb
product-ef5324dcc791e4e872d6c2be0aefa1d7687ca82c3b4ac5d1f72c76cce8395218Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1909:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 2
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
a1b570a8-ed1a-46b6-b8ab-064445f8fc4c
product-9b245936275be71b526838fc72ea633d195b35bdd9dfc31bb6df51e7700edeccLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_2004:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 3
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
d4dbe5b2-ae10-4251-bcda-dc5edee6ee67
product-55e90faed8848f3d316cf702d119e83086b6dc5a963d9947a7df1c589f50346dLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_20h2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 4
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
6afd13a6-a390-4400-9029-2f4058ca17e2
product-e0c6c3f5c5e95b5b83fbbf719a7de2471749e1ca250bebf19bc7898a937a00edLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_21h1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 5
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
b1fed4c9-b680-4f44-adc0-ac43d6b5f184
product-ec10c9f400f23fdf118887f60fe116ffde4adb76dcf118cdd3a7556fd033da3bLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_21h2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 6
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
2f513002-d8c1-4d3a-9f79-4b52498f67e9
product-7fe28b5b5b17e017d9554204df059dd619746ffb5c80da87bcbfb1c52720d2f4Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_11_21h2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 7
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
bb4ae761-6fac-4000-a63d-42ce3fab8412
Affected-product evidence
Accepted scope and product mapping
0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links
Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source
- Source class
- Direct cve affected
- Assertions
- 1
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
c9fc16d5-1f6d-4239-b686-da723b395bfdCanonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source
- Source class
- Nvd cpe vulnerable target
- Assertions
- 2
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
b7e40c38-170b-4047-99dd-6f3f1354a30fe33d1d14-851a-468a-be19-dc5cbce98c32Assessments
CVSS by origin
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HAV:N/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:PCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:CDirect CVE/CNA normalized decisions
microsoft
CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C- Validation
- Valid match
- Recomputed
- 7.1
- Decision reason
- Evidence supported
- Policy
- casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.
Evidence boundaries
- KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
- EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
- Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
- NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
- Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
- NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
- Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
- OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
- Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
- Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.