Evidence dossier

CVE-2021-43890

Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Dec 15, 2021). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 7.1. EPSS estimates 10.3% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

64.269.4Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

We have investigated reports of a spoofing vulnerability in AppX installer that affects Microsoft Windows. Microsoft is aware of attacks that attempt to exploit this vulnerability by using specially crafted packages that include the malware family known as Emotet/Trickbot/Bazaloader. An attacker could craft a malicious attachment to be used in phishing campaigns. The attacker would then have to convince the user to open the specially crafted attachment. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights. Please see the Security Updates table for the link to the updated app. Alternatively you can download and install the Installer using the links provided in the FAQ section. Please see the Mitigations and Workaround sections for important information about steps you can take to protect your system from this vulnerability. December 27 2023 Update: In recent months, Microsoft Threat Intelligence has seen an increase in activity from threat actors leveraging social engineering and phishing techniques to target Windows OS users and utilizing the ms-appinstaller URI scheme. To address this increase in activity, we have updated the App Installer to disable the ms-appinstaller protocol by default and recommend other potential mitigations.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Dec 15, 2021
Updated
Aug 6, 2026
Evidence coverage
85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Microsoft Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Microsoft Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    microsoft

    Record text: Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 10.3% probability · 95.35th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.102950000000; percentile 0.953450000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Dec 15, 2021 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood10.29%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 95.3th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 7.1

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Aug 6, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Microsoft Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Microsoft Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
microsoftOriginal assertion
Record text

Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Windows AppX Installer Spoofing Vulnerability
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

10.3% probability · 95.35th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.102950000000; percentile 0.953450000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
13Underlying assertions
12Canonical products
2Target assertions
11Constraint assertions

Grouped from 4 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

13 scope groups

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftApp InstallerDirect source scope
Affected: 1.0.0.0 to before publication (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "1.0.0.0", "lessThan": "publication", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONmicrosoftapp_installerVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 1.11); Any version (unconstrained) (< 1.16)Canonical identity product-b44f47d6822461bb83c92c5f9fcf6a4dd8c10263b5300085ddd1c02a4c82990dLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:app_installer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 1.11
    Match ID
    62b0a730-2442-4c85-8cfa-098d4dadff8c
  2. cpe:2.3:a:microsoft:app_installer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 1.16
    Match ID
    f5f1f637-0d18-4cbe-a56b-dea530acc1b0
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1507Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-9851bd571b8ab08bca589cd73710badfef557d036f0fb7707f694f1c9f597cb4Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1507:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    542daeec-73cc-46c6-a630-bf474a3446ac
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1709Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-d059dbfcd39652adfca6d48669484008cb5d4a8b33116c81ee002cd9101904afLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1709:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ac160b20-3ea0-49a0-a857-4e7a1c2d74e2
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1803Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-5e821ea3746af154a469c180e78b9f4d663edf21461517987eed76740c7910c1Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1803:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    00345596-e9e0-4096-8dc6-0212f4747a13
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1809Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-a3084138383423221f61594e86f5b295e5e254acd7ae5284f45e0877a084db43Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1809:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2e332666-2e03-468e-bc30-299816d6e8ed
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1903Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-9868fa1c12254f9aff51c0302ecb2ea1ab1d9ca0547bde09677154b24f8c7c61Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1903:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a363ce8f-f399-4b6e-9e7d-349792f95ddb
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_1909Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-ef5324dcc791e4e872d6c2be0aefa1d7687ca82c3b4ac5d1f72c76cce8395218Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_1909:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a1b570a8-ed1a-46b6-b8ab-064445f8fc4c
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_2004Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-9b245936275be71b526838fc72ea633d195b35bdd9dfc31bb6df51e7700edeccLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_2004:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d4dbe5b2-ae10-4251-bcda-dc5edee6ee67
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_20h2Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-55e90faed8848f3d316cf702d119e83086b6dc5a963d9947a7df1c589f50346dLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_20h2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    6afd13a6-a390-4400-9029-2f4058ca17e2
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_21h1Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-e0c6c3f5c5e95b5b83fbbf719a7de2471749e1ca250bebf19bc7898a937a00edLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_21h1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b1fed4c9-b680-4f44-adc0-ac43d6b5f184
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_10_21h2Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-ec10c9f400f23fdf118887f60fe116ffde4adb76dcf118cdd3a7556fd033da3bLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_10_21h2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2f513002-d8c1-4d3a-9f79-4b52498f67e9
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindows_11_21h2Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-7fe28b5b5b17e017d9554204df059dd619746ffb5c80da87bcbfb1c52720d2f4Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_11_21h2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    bb4ae761-6fac-4000-a63d-42ce3fab8412

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
c9fc16d5-1f6d-4239-b686-da723b395bfd
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
b7e40c38-170b-4047-99dd-6f3f1354a30fe33d1d14-851a-468a-be19-dc5cbce98c32

Assessments

CVSS by origin

7.1
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
6.0
NVDCVSS 2.0 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchAV:N/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P
7.1
secure@microsoft.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.1
microsoftCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.1Priority eligible

microsoft

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
7.1
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.