CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2022-27593

DeadBolt Ransomware

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Sep 8, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.1. EPSS estimates 87.9% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

84.1–91.7Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

An externally controlled reference to a resource vulnerability has been reported to affect QNAP NAS running Photo Station. If exploited, This could allow an attacker to modify system files. We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following versions: QTS 5.0.1: Photo Station 6.1.2 and later QTS 5.0.0/4.5.x: Photo Station 6.0.22 and later QTS 4.3.6: Photo Station 5.7.18 and later QTS 4.3.3: Photo Station 5.4.15 and later QTS 4.2.6: Photo Station 5.2.14 and later

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Sep 8, 2022
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
91%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    qnap

    Record text: DeadBolt Ransomware

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    DeadBolt Ransomware
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: QNAP Photo Station Externally Controlled Reference Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    QNAP Photo Station Externally Controlled Reference Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 87.91% probability · 99.75th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.879080000000; percentile 0.997510000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Sep 8, 2022 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood87.91%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 99.8th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.1

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
qnapOriginal assertion
Record text

DeadBolt Ransomware

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
DeadBolt Ransomware
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

QNAP Photo Station Externally Controlled Reference Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
QNAP Photo Station Externally Controlled Reference Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

87.91% probability · 99.75th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.879080000000; percentile 0.997510000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
11Underlying assertions
2Canonical products
5Target assertions
6Constraint assertions

Grouped from 10 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

8 scope groups

qnap · source assertedQNAP Systems Inc.Photo StationDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 6.1.2 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "6.1.2", "versionType": "custom"}]
qnap · source assertedQNAP Systems Inc.Photo StationDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 6.0.22 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "6.0.22", "versionType": "custom"}]
qnap · source assertedQNAP Systems Inc.Photo StationDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 6.0.22 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "6.0.22", "versionType": "custom"}]
qnap · source assertedQNAP Systems Inc.Photo StationDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 5.7.18 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "5.7.18", "versionType": "custom"}]
qnap · source assertedQNAP Systems Inc.Photo StationDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 5.4.15 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "5.4.15", "versionType": "custom"}]
qnap · source assertedQNAP Systems Inc.Photo StationDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 5.2.14 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "5.2.14", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONqnapphoto_stationVulnerable target · 5 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 5.2.14); Any version (unconstrained) (< 5.4.15); Any version (unconstrained) (< 5.7.18); Any version (unconstrained) (< 6.0.22); Any version (unconstrained) (< 6.1.2)Canonical identity product-8f7682cc7b2c30c2243b59e702e1dcc5b887bd737c0569eedbc2a5fe40d3a6efLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:qnap:photo_station:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 5.7.18
    Match ID
    ef59d0c3-74cf-448a-935d-7c436330abfd
  2. cpe:2.3:a:qnap:photo_station:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 5.4.15
    Match ID
    2416b1e4-88f1-4601-ac15-d11b7bb9eb7d
  3. cpe:2.3:a:qnap:photo_station:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 5.2.14
    Match ID
    334fa052-177c-4583-9919-bb4eb9dc91a1
  4. cpe:2.3:a:qnap:photo_station:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    4 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 6.1.2
    Match ID
    bcb176fd-5fc1-4003-b336-6b51d8ac36dd
  5. cpe:2.3:a:qnap:photo_station:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 6.0.22
    Match ID
    12a590ae-13d5-4f8f-802d-4331b63d5c0c
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMqnapqtsEnvironmental constraint · 6 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.5.1, <= 4.5.4.2012); Version 4.2.6; Version 4.3.3; Version 4.3.6; Version 5.0.0; Version 5.0.1Canonical identity product-81578b5d517b13c57b34c6184dee501c7b2e69f5d366148b8e0d95265e548fc9Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    4 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b21e1993-94a3-4d65-adb7-70ddb919af8d
  2. cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:5.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    3 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    dc98874f-5d92-481d-b4e2-ec548727719c
  3. cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.3.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fe9fac96-aa2a-4ca5-a170-8c0e6bd47391
  4. cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    1d9e6f8f-a433-45a7-8839-5d478fe179a4
  5. cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    3 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.5.1; through including 4.5.4.2012
    Match ID
    36c84c4c-aae2-4ac5-a723-64271bbb91a5
  6. cpe:2.3:o:qnap:qts:4.3.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c5994c07-17fe-4784-9fa4-9675ba8b4743

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

1 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-37a503905b0a0167877af753ac60ba6a9fd40363b081ec9e83c43aeaec72163a · product-8f7682cc7b2c30c2243b59e702e1dcc5b887bd737c0569eedbc2a5fe40d3a6ef

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
5
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
298e81c6-000f-4c30-8bff-ce933f08efbe4a1bb006-df80-4dc5-9c78-9f40792206dc4fa4d719-7c20-4983-bd1b-b1beeafedfb8ea70f29a-4fe2-43b8-b299-29ffd54076f2f44b9d64-fd4c-49c6-a43c-49016f698d7d
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
6
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
1924fd49-59a1-47d7-83ec-f94b8c00e06e43622f52-065f-44a1-a128-912e281395c95984f0e3-95c7-4819-9262-ccbf8147ac4666106bfa-b90b-4f27-b412-652faefb3c6a97af2a7f-3883-421f-992e-beb3687eb8d2ce78230b-c00b-4e0e-a398-0caacb3d321d

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.1
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
10.0
security@qnapsecurity.com.twCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H
10.0
qnapCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

10.0Priority eligible

qnap

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
10.0
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.