CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2023-0028

Cross-site Scripting (XSS) - Stored in linagora/twake

NVD reports CVSS 3.1 5.4. EPSS estimates 56.0% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

31.1–73.4Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

Cross-site Scripting (XSS) - Stored in GitHub repository linagora/twake prior to 2023.Q1.1200+.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jan 1, 2023
Updated
Apr 9, 2025
Evidence coverage
52%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    @huntrdev

    Record text: Cross-site Scripting (XSS) - Stored in linagora/twake

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Cross-site Scripting (XSS) - Stored in linagora/twake
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 56.02% probability · 98.97th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.560180000000; percentile 0.989700000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCISA KEV: unlisted at 27 Aug 2026 18:09 UTC

The item is not listed in the bounded source as of the stated cutoff; this does not establish safety or absence outside that source.

Exploit likelihood56.02%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 99th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 5.4

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusUnlisted at snapshot cutoff

The item is not listed in the bounded source as of the stated cutoff; this does not establish safety or absence outside that source.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Monitor bounded source
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
@huntrdevOriginal assertion
Record text

Cross-site Scripting (XSS) - Stored in linagora/twake

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Cross-site Scripting (XSS) - Stored in linagora/twake
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

56.02% probability · 98.97th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.560180000000; percentile 0.989700000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
1Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
1Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

2 scope groups

@huntrdev · source assertedlinagoralinagora/twakeDirect source scope
Affected: unspecified to before 2023.Q1.1200+ (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "2023.Q1.1200+", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONlinagoratwakeVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (<= 2022.q4.1120)Canonical identity product-236b7ad5a0104563a55550128fa20f8814314f163a4e1a3a33d9c89e7e87fd95Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:linagora:twake:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through including 2022.q4.1120
    Match ID
    b6ce098a-aad8-4cde-af83-cd9ba8728f50

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

1 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-22413f209603ff3e2c506856d6ba4b802df73b625a2e6a106687159f59043c82 · product-236b7ad5a0104563a55550128fa20f8814314f163a4e1a3a33d9c89e7e87fd95

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
33256e54-a869-4c1d-bb85-21c3acd7d464
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
c9f2cb15-9ab9-44c5-9d46-648bf6b6b1ba

Assessments

CVSS by origin

5.4
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
5.7
security@huntr.devCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H
5.7
@huntrdevCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

5.7Priority eligible

@huntrdev

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
5.7
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • CISA KEV catalog silence leaves exploitation status unassessed.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.