CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2023-22527

A template injection vulnerability on older versions of Confluence Data Center and Server allows an unauthenticated attacker to achieve RCE on an affected instance.

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jan 24, 2024). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 100.0% exploit likelihood as of Jul 18, 2026.

88.0–91.7Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A template injection vulnerability on older versions of Confluence Data Center and Server allows an unauthenticated attacker to achieve RCE on an affected instance. Customers using an affected version must take immediate action. Most recent supported versions of Confluence Data Center and Server are not affected by this vulnerability as it was ultimately mitigated during regular version updates. However, Atlassian recommends that customers take care to install the latest version to protect their instances from non-critical vulnerabilities outlined in Atlassian’s January Security Bulletin.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jan 16, 2024
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
91%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    atlassian

    Record text: A template injection vulnerability on older versions of Confluence Data Center and Server allows an unauthenticated attacker to achieve RCE on an affected instance. Customers using an affected version must take immediate action. Most recent supported versions of Confluence Data Center and Server are not affected by this vulnerability as it was ultimately mitigated during regular version updates. However, Atlassian recommends that customers take care to install the latest version to protect their instances from non-critical vulnerabilities outlined in Atlassian’s January Security Bulletin.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A template injection vulnerability on older versions of Confluence Data Center and Server allows an unauthenticated attacker to achieve RCE on an affected instance. Customers using an affected version must take immediate action. Most recent supported versions of Confluence Data Center and Server are not affected by this vulnerability as it was ultimately mitigated during regular version updates. However, Atlassian recommends that customers take care to install the latest version to protect their instances from non-critical vulnerabilities outlined in Atlassian’s January Security Bulletin.
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Atlassian Confluence Data Center and Server Template Injection Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Atlassian Confluence Data Center and Server Template Injection Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 99.98% probability · 99.98th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.999840000000; percentile 0.999820000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jan 24, 2024 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood99.98%

FIRST EPSS · score date Jul 18, 2026 · 100th percentile · first observed Jul 19, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

atlassianOriginal assertion
Record text

A template injection vulnerability on older versions of Confluence Data Center and Server allows an unauthenticated attacker to achieve RCE on an affected instance. Customers using an affected version must take immediate action. Most recent supported versions of Confluence Data Center and Server are not affected by this vulnerability as it was ultimately mitigated during regular version updates. However, Atlassian recommends that customers take care to install the latest version to protect their instances from non-critical vulnerabilities outlined in Atlassian’s January Security Bulletin.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A template injection vulnerability on older versions of Confluence Data Center and Server allows an unauthenticated attacker to achieve RCE on an affected instance. Customers using an affected version must take immediate action. Most recent supported versions of Confluence Data Center and Server are not affected by this vulnerability as it was ultimately mitigated during regular version updates. However, Atlassian recommends that customers take care to install the latest version to protect their instances from non-critical vulnerabilities outlined in Atlassian’s January Security Bulletin.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Atlassian Confluence Data Center and Server Template Injection Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Atlassian Confluence Data Center and Server Template Injection Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

99.98% probability · 99.98th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.999840000000; percentile 0.999820000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
3Underlying assertions
2Canonical products
3Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 2 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

6 scope groups

CISA-ADP · source assertedatlassianconfluence_data_centerDirect source scope
Affected: 8.0.0 to before 8.5.4 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "8.0.0", "lessThan": "8.5.4", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedatlassianconfluence_serverDirect source scope
Affected: 8.0.0 to before 8.5.4 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "8.0.0", "lessThan": "8.5.4", "versionType": "custom"}]
atlassian · source assertedAtlassianConfluence Data CenterDirect source scope
Unaffected: < 8.0.0Affected: >= 8.0.0Affected: >= 8.1.0Affected: >= 8.2.0Affected: >= 8.3.0Affected: >= 8.4.0Affected: >= 8.5.0Affected: >= 8.5.1Affected: >= 8.5.2Affected: >= 8.5.3Unaffected: >= 8.5.4Unaffected: >= 8.6.0Unaffected: >= 8.7.1
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "< 8.0.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.0.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.1.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.2.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.3.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.4.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.5.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.5.1"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.5.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.5.3"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": ">= 8.5.4"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": ">= 8.6.0"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": ">= 8.7.1"}]
atlassian · source assertedAtlassianConfluence ServerDirect source scope
Unaffected: < 8.0.0Affected: >= 8.0.0Affected: >= 8.1.0Affected: >= 8.2.0Affected: >= 8.3.0Affected: >= 8.4.0Affected: >= 8.5.0Affected: >= 8.5.1Affected: >= 8.5.2Affected: >= 8.5.3Unaffected: >= 8.5.4Unaffected: >= 8.6.0
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "< 8.0.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.0.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.1.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.2.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.3.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.4.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.5.0"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.5.1"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.5.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 8.5.3"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": ">= 8.5.4"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": ">= 8.6.0"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONatlassianconfluence_data_centerVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 8.0.0, < 8.5.4); Version 8.7.0Canonical identity product-46ffcc1c487e05351f85b32368995272472629a66f00f7c366711e9ad6b50a1eLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:atlassian:confluence_data_center:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 8.0.0; through excluding 8.5.4
    Match ID
    98686e6c-5d52-4edb-a580-ce01009badba
  2. cpe:2.3:a:atlassian:confluence_data_center:8.7.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fed19c83-6d8b-45b1-aac3-f4c6b12c0e4d
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONatlassianconfluence_serverVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 8.0.0, < 8.5.4)Canonical identity product-d78d3c5ab9c4bc766839e98def83496ad4b2f4f37b30094660d7525704ae86c2Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:atlassian:confluence_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 8.0.0; through excluding 8.5.4
    Match ID
    82c2f4b6-a251-4d8b-8624-99079e50e331

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

2 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-2c6716ad07a7f126f6c3b10254124705a45f0fa6586f2803bb482afd1584ee5f · product-46ffcc1c487e05351f85b32368995272472629a66f00f7c366711e9ad6b50a1e

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
363639ef-c8b4-4703-871e-c1d7e196a8cfdffd6e26-83bd-4e7e-9829-80b9aeb6801c
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-2c6716ad07a7f126f6c3b10254124705a45f0fa6586f2803bb482afd1584ee5f · product-d78d3c5ab9c4bc766839e98def83496ad4b2f4f37b30094660d7525704ae86c2

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
11752d07-76a0-49f0-a737-0a22203e5a9c
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
4c01e6a7-4d5b-4cd2-bcbe-2a14e5a122de5032df68-0c01-490b-8f97-f95dffd800fc68bea9c4-6368-4937-9d87-bdbc5e444cc5e6c93dc7-fb93-4c6b-9e0f-17520b63ba70

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
10.0
security@atlassian.comCVSS 3.0 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
10.0
atlassianCVSS 3.0 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

10.0Priority eligible

atlassian

CVSS 3.0 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
10.0
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.