CISA KEV · catalog date May 12, 2023 · first observed Jul 19, 2026
Evidence dossier
CVE-2023-25717
Ruckus Wireless Admin through 10.4 allows Remote Code Execution via an unauthenticated HTTP GET Request, as demonstrated by a…
Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since May 12, 2023). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 98.1% exploit likelihood as of Jul 26, 2026.
As of Aug 27, 2026
Normalized restatement
Ruckus Wireless Admin through 10.4 allows Remote Code Execution via an unauthenticated HTTP GET Request, as demonstrated by a /forms/doLogin?login_username=admin&password=password$(curl substring.
- State
- PUBLISHED
- Published
- Feb 13, 2023
- Updated
- Oct 21, 2025
- Evidence coverage
- 99%
Evidence chronology
What was known when
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCACISA-ADPOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCACVE ProgramOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: CVE Program Container
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CVE Program Container
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAmitreOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: Ruckus Wireless Admin through 10.4 allows Remote Code Execution via an unauthenticated HTTP GET Request, as demonstrated by a /forms/doLogin?login_username=admin&password=password$(curl substring.
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- Ruckus Wireless Admin through 10.4 allows Remote Code Execution via an unauthenticated HTTP GET Request, as demonstrated by a /forms/doLogin?login_username=admin&password=password$(curl substring.
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCACISA KEVOriginal evidence ↗
Exploitation cataloged: Multiple Ruckus Wireless Products CSRF and RCE Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Multiple Ruckus Wireless Products CSRF and RCE Vulnerability
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCAFIRST EPSSOriginal evidence ↗
EPSS score: 98.07% probability · 99.91th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.980690000000; percentile 0.999070000000
FIRST EPSS · score date Jul 26, 2026 · 99.9th percentile · first observed Jul 27, 2026
NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot
Evidence detail
Source limits and decisions
Why each evidence state has this value
casca-unknown-reasons-v1Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- evidence-policy-v1.1.0
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- evidence-policy-v1.1.0
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.
- Revision
- casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- Resolve identity
Source comparison
Who said what
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
CVE Program Container
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CVE Program Container
Ruckus Wireless Admin through 10.4 allows Remote Code Execution via an unauthenticated HTTP GET Request, as demonstrated by a /forms/doLogin?login_username=admin&password=password$(curl substring.
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- Ruckus Wireless Admin through 10.4 allows Remote Code Execution via an unauthenticated HTTP GET Request, as demonstrated by a /forms/doLogin?login_username=admin&password=password$(curl substring.
Multiple Ruckus Wireless Products CSRF and RCE Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Multiple Ruckus Wireless Products CSRF and RCE Vulnerability
98.07% probability · 99.91th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.980690000000; percentile 0.999070000000
Applicability
Cited product scope
Grouped from 16 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.
Identity source boundaries
- Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z
27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa - Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z
955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e
62 scope groups
Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "n/a"}]product-259b83b86db353bdbd96a70996084140e0d96f0a7e54278f62ef6fba72d9f9f3Linked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:o:commscope:ruckus_smartzone_firmware:6.1.0.0.935:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 5 · node/0 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
98787afd-705a-4eca-a735-1412ed55b71c
cpe:2.3:o:commscope:ruckus_smartzone_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 4 · node/0 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- through excluding 5.2.1.3
- Match ID
3dc1aff4-766d-4dff-b7a0-39efe686f33b
cpe:2.3:o:commscope:ruckus_smartzone_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 7 · node/0 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- through excluding 5.2.1.3.1695
- Match ID
e2d11729-5815-46ac-a2b6-e1570fdbed8e
product-fbf824e6964df916b5f1bac1d4a43a2d88a7a81a8a6dff38900173167f90e434Linked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:e510:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
fbf5c92c-c889-4732-bb00-e6d55613e410
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:e510:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
fbf5c92c-c889-4732-bb00-e6d55613e410
product-5e3fa78d02d219eff5e7f0ef591a8f17d54d440af8db96ee0cf4c53d7aeb7cdeLinked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:h320:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
282c3a1d-711c-4415-b9be-a9b518204aeb
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:h320:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
282c3a1d-711c-4415-b9be-a9b518204aeb
product-20256511161fa1f9ae2cbc4f2240a5bc6a848ad4665f5b4f2027720a798bcccdLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:h350:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 2
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
d19e1647-dfdd-4ae9-8118-b6e27796f158
product-28377a2cd3741a5f13fe3eca8569f2128dd6074897f34fafedc536588e65610aLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:h500:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 2 · node/1 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
dbe5491d-89a5-4690-8374-0cd27852ccb2
product-040dc2e2d014ef8527e09861f824c39fbfdba7f59bf87737266ad0bff5c47942Linked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:h510:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 2
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
cb1fab48-786a-4fb3-ab6d-3118e94e68c7
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:h510:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 3
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
cb1fab48-786a-4fb3-ab6d-3118e94e68c7
product-c1e8f08a9ca6d73116608679767f8a7e3ee2c3ec74a2228ffd08427b7544c994Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:h550:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 4
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
3aece922-479c-4c3e-9905-1c742dce9769
product-602e0ee9e6dbc4e41f108e86c16d24155da8c50338b9323fa6e9a1baba967c4eLinked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:m510:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 5
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
d4ae7200-4090-4b81-a22f-b8553a014d21
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:m510:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 3
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
d4ae7200-4090-4b81-a22f-b8553a014d21
product-1327396b6cf49622cb39b2c9cd4b320eec8c6c0b1efea787d73cf660d6d8fc0fLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:m510-jp:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 6 · node/1 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
007de148-e501-4a35-8f10-acd28ff2819b
product-2624134735571923d88da1f4e45b6c404da5662437d4104d065d7bd0f414a596Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:p300:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 6 · node/1 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
12e3f2da-3a4b-421a-ace0-a764b9b57ff9
product-464772f1cbdae674c1397b6b60f438935a16e6257101a101ca774bc992b9ba28Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:q410:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 6 · node/1 · match 2
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
eb66e1a9-d6b5-455f-b6c0-fd2ef45cf509
product-c7c5a99c787e271a567bf0197c659ff297e46002f449080cf00409eaf1e431ceLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:q710:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 6 · node/1 · match 3
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
54d44a0e-66c0-4522-90ac-16f7d5738d8f
product-046367f9b40cb113f0f1a666459c49bdc259280051adc7571797dc44ac2188f7Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:q910:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 6 · node/1 · match 4
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
80c949d8-d53c-4b5b-a851-51fafab0011d
product-e3f539e5f113d8e5cc4f9d208fd12b9691c401934e9a1dd36eb30e50ee65cc50Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r300:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 2 · node/1 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
c7fdec42-0d72-4841-b0fe-b0b0b00b6557
product-b81216c361eeae757c7dff6fdaac3f1a629507cc85919306df7f1fbe8c77ae13Linked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r310:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 4
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
40d3129e-4c02-484f-96b6-59d76f787d21
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r310:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 6
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
40d3129e-4c02-484f-96b6-59d76f787d21
product-c2a1147c6c31096872cc94737dcb7a0b5fd923bc97bdda2062afc748e3ece8e9Linked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r320:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 5
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
93ce3224-85d2-4039-8f24-bb503dfd42c2
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r320:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 7
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
93ce3224-85d2-4039-8f24-bb503dfd42c2
product-f96121d1478f52e292d29e8182eb40a1bb82c22a722e73fcacd38aebc812c163Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r350:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 8
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
728b95f9-bd5b-4c0b-adbd-0b30aac868ec
product-8372da8a2149dc521131b8389c58764fd7f41a953041e6251b681117d8cd5467Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r500:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 6
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
9bbdbe9c-be4b-4ed6-af62-8fe484c519e2
product-c8ebd9a08cc45edfa4e299066c86158b2f632871353c11c368af7f89fb9ecdb5Linked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r510:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 7
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
80b2e8cc-eace-4a80-9eb1-dadab8034415
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r510:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 9
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
80b2e8cc-eace-4a80-9eb1-dadab8034415
product-f103de9572120f8a21b1e3715f25639c26ddd925a47f66f7cdfa4742203c1e80Linked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r550:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 10
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
215024f9-c68e-4919-9fd5-215cf900a830
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r550:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 8
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
215024f9-c68e-4919-9fd5-215cf900a830
product-edcd396ffc6e70f0485288d91d95203385acc728ba5cdfaad8c9973ed5bee40bLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r560:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 3 · node/1 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
aaded848-caf5-4ef6-bac6-6be35cce7815
product-f2f3705ba1c1e8e1c8c496a20c8c2e895ffb4050bcfb5ff317092000fb5966a0Linked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r600:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 9
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
5421b1d7-e630-4bda-ba34-7dd8d0738df4
product-643178db9764a5c81b3bbb0cc61ac7e65696d28e8bd0061ae1eb035e3dbfc0cdLinked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r610:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 10
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
4244947c-538e-4b83-b4f4-3dd4f3c22e83
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r610:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 11
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
4244947c-538e-4b83-b4f4-3dd4f3c22e83
product-07805df05e2aa718ad0e661cce790c75ec997379d2ea6aaf3c84eb2e37284c6dLinked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r650:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 1 · node/1 · match 11
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
951bda12-0294-472a-9292-f60ac6d4292b
cpe:2.3:h:ruckuswireless:r650:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Environmental constraint
- Configuration
- 0 · node/1 · match 12
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
951bda12-0294-472a-9292-f60ac6d4292b
Affected-product evidence
Accepted scope and product mapping
3 canonical links · 1 source-reported links
vendor-e76f767076f5d4b795eb5f90b412c1a158b7efb46e8e75c108d9bc3548dad836 · product-259b83b86db353bdbd96a70996084140e0d96f0a7e54278f62ef6fba72d9f9f3
- Source class
- Nvd cpe vulnerable target
- Assertions
- 3
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
3fa9c341-e372-4742-860f-f59f0047d46c541f40f3-b6f9-4716-9581-0c344fe2faf2919ab7d8-b04b-4257-9200-ada84d77c19dvendor-18ac5e9d77fbdad066a47fe3e80e65f66e212d8fd1c95e9ebab55beda034c52e · product-65e389b8f19bd946ff8778218d1e6e01b92914432d70681afd7a736aa5754e34
- Source class
- Nvd cpe vulnerable target
- Assertions
- 8
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
18f94fb6-4015-43d6-8a49-d058e6cbeef51cc1ab06-ab68-4d40-b6f9-54cebd9792d42200d3a2-7a75-4d55-a1b2-780b69efe42071721801-f7fb-4745-9a8c-2f3f2d66e9d172598b20-ec43-46f7-9c65-201107d1b2247e261bb1-e5e0-4b0c-99ec-b3efb30786a6a536bdb4-1d3d-497e-8402-f3bc85edea49f0bb41cd-119f-4ade-abbc-c4411d3192f8vendor-18ac5e9d77fbdad066a47fe3e80e65f66e212d8fd1c95e9ebab55beda034c52e · product-e2d8c4facb659040699a0ed405d4940e83e834dca382e57477dcbd2e8fc85ab4
- Source class
- Nvd cpe vulnerable target
- Assertions
- 4
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
33dc689f-32f2-4827-a870-b72bc22bf5c35bf0df1a-be18-464d-881b-6cc017c3ac337ba852d2-af88-4464-8e3e-c1fa8dedc41691596ae9-4956-4a4b-a06d-82fd0a998195Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source
- Source class
- Direct cve affected
- Assertions
- 1
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
e58053e0-0440-4266-9aa9-ab8d8b3886d8Assessments
CVSS by origin
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HDirect CVE/CNA normalized decisions
CISA-ADP
CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H- Validation
- Valid match
- Recomputed
- 9.8
- Decision reason
- Evidence supported
- Policy
- casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.
Evidence boundaries
- KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
- EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
- Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
- NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
- Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
- NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
- Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
- OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
- Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
- Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.