CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2023-27997

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability [CWE-122] in FortiOS version 7.2.4 and below, version 7.0.11 and below, version 6.4.12 and below, version 6.0.16 and below and…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jun 13, 2023). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 85.7% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

83.0–95.2Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability [CWE-122] in FortiOS version 7.2.4 and below, version 7.0.11 and below, version 6.4.12 and below, version 6.0.16 and below and FortiProxy version 7.2.3 and below, version 7.0.9 and below, version 2.0.12 and below, version 1.2 all versions, version 1.1 all versions SSL-VPN may allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code or commands via specifically crafted requests.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jun 13, 2023
Updated
Jul 31, 2026
Evidence coverage
85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy SSL-VPN Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy SSL-VPN Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    fortinet

    Record text: A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability [CWE-122] in FortiOS version 7.2.4 and below, version 7.0.11 and below, version 6.4.12 and below, version 6.0.16 and below and FortiProxy version 7.2.3 and below, version 7.0.9 and below, version 2.0.12 and below, version 1.2 all versions, version 1.1 all versions SSL-VPN may allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code or commands via specifically crafted requests.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability [CWE-122] in FortiOS version 7.2.4 and below, version 7.0.11 and below, version 6.4.12 and below, version 6.0.16 and below and FortiProxy version 7.2.3 and below, version 7.0.9 and below, version 2.0.12 and below, version 1.2 all versions, version 1.1 all versions SSL-VPN may allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code or commands via specifically crafted requests.
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 85.69% probability · 99.71th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.856890000000; percentile 0.997080000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jun 13, 2023 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood85.69%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 99.7th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Aug 1, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy SSL-VPN Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy SSL-VPN Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
fortinetOriginal assertion
Record text

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability [CWE-122] in FortiOS version 7.2.4 and below, version 7.0.11 and below, version 6.4.12 and below, version 6.0.16 and below and FortiProxy version 7.2.3 and below, version 7.0.9 and below, version 2.0.12 and below, version 1.2 all versions, version 1.1 all versions SSL-VPN may allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code or commands via specifically crafted requests.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability [CWE-122] in FortiOS version 7.2.4 and below, version 7.0.11 and below, version 6.4.12 and below, version 6.0.16 and below and FortiProxy version 7.2.3 and below, version 7.0.9 and below, version 2.0.12 and below, version 1.2 all versions, version 1.1 all versions SSL-VPN may allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code or commands via specifically crafted requests.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

85.69% probability · 99.71th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.856890000000; percentile 0.997080000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
25Underlying assertions
4Canonical products
23Target assertions
2Constraint assertions

Grouped from 3 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

7 scope groups

fortinet · source assertedFortinetFortiOSDirect source scope
Affected: 7.2.0 through 7.2.4 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.0.0 through 7.0.11 (semver comparison)Affected: 6.4.0 through 6.4.12 (semver comparison)Affected: 6.2.0 through 6.2.13 (semver comparison)Affected: 6.0.0 through 6.0.16 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.4"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.0.11"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.4.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.4.12"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.2.13"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.0.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.0.16"}]
fortinet · source assertedFortinetFortiOS-6K7KDirect source scope
Affected: 7.0.10Affected: 7.0.5Affected: 6.4.12Affected: 6.4.10Affected: 6.4.8Affected: 6.4.6Affected: 6.4.2Affected: 6.2.9 through 6.2.13 (semver comparison)Affected: 6.2.6 through 6.2.7 (semver comparison)Affected: 6.2.4Affected: 6.0.12 through 6.0.16 (semver comparison)Affected: 6.0.10
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.10"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.5"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.4.12"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.4.10"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.4.8"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.4.6"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.4.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.2.9", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.2.13"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.2.6", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.2.7"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.2.4"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.0.12", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.0.16"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.0.10"}]
fortinet · source assertedFortinetFortiProxyDirect source scope
Affected: 7.2.0 through 7.2.3 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.0.0 through 7.0.9 (semver comparison)Affected: 2.0.0 through 2.0.12 (semver comparison)Affected: 1.2.0 through 1.2.13 (semver comparison)Affected: 1.1.0 through 1.1.6 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.3"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.0.9"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "2.0.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "2.0.12"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "1.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "1.2.13"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "1.1.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "1.1.6"}]
NVD CPE · HARDWAREfortinetfortigate_6000Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-b9768710ef226aef4b22c49bafc3f2c7b589c66b521ca9e6703daae7a3acb203Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:fortinet:fortigate_6000:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    3bb410c9-cdd4-4068-97e0-6d83ae62b7f1
NVD CPE · HARDWAREfortinetfortigate_7000Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-5782e951e7d37984df9143b615aa3934866cfeee1ee5eb7170ae322a55ba91d2Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:fortinet:fortigate_7000:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    e0cba773-10c1-410d-bb01-771f454abeba
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMfortinetfortiosVulnerable target · 18 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.0.0, <= 6.0.16); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.0.12, <= 6.0.16); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.2.0, <= 6.2.13); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.2.9, <= 6.2.13); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.4.0, <= 6.4.12); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.0.0, <= 7.0.11); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.2.0, <= 7.2.4); Version 6.0.10; Version 6.2.4; Version 6.2.6; Version 6.2.7; Version 6.4.10; Version 6.4.12; Version 6.4.2; Version 6.4.6; Version 6.4.8; Version 7.0.10; Version 7.0.5Canonical identity product-d06140244cc5e972beb67f7de823109a7332f0ff670c2c5c21938de936e3f496Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.2.9; through including 6.2.13
    Match ID
    0a0d0d55-1a51-454d-a8b1-d7100d453102
  2. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.4.0; through including 6.4.12
    Match ID
    5e99b6e5-7ec3-406c-afac-a5e32de266df
  3. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b28478da-8d10-4a8e-81ea-d3df421e5089
  4. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fa6af1fa-a034-439a-876b-bfa1be7de15e
  5. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.2.0; through including 7.2.4
    Match ID
    4ab643a8-b52f-4d54-b816-28a6401baa25
  6. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2b8a132f-601f-4129-bfca-3a976a711d5a
  7. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    eee44b20-6f00-4962-9929-5a5054bba94c
  8. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    751d2fc7-482f-4c6b-95db-244004a2738e
  9. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.2.0; through including 6.2.13
    Match ID
    3cd57a5a-2b13-495a-8530-8f97e1720602
  10. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.0.0; through including 6.0.16
    Match ID
    8ea5512d-6ee5-4df3-a960-c02394f25225
  11. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 11
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    48d0e8cc-3815-4697-86d0-dc7f66e70520
  12. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.0.0; through including 7.0.11
    Match ID
    c2573c90-be6a-4d5d-a223-f09213318909
  13. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    eb2ff1da-001b-4ca1-9f46-427d9c92cbc6
  14. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 12
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    78c6c937-4477-438d-a252-e4102d758120
  15. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    90600b14-07c4-455d-9fc1-17034d91b987
  16. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.0.12; through including 6.0.16
    Match ID
    6d997493-24c2-4a78-9df0-6438e9415a3c
  17. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c2f935f9-5b6a-47c2-8f65-7a1e8bb061ff
  18. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    9694fc0c-408a-4892-add1-f36f4bbbd9ef
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONfortinetfortiproxyVulnerable target · 5 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 1.1.0, <= 1.1.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 1.2.0, <= 1.2.13); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.0.0, <= 2.0.12); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.0.0, <= 7.0.9); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.2.0, <= 7.2.3)Canonical identity product-53e2c632c140b04469e646fdc096d80536975303740dc515e32352dc87ed2607Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.0.0; through including 2.0.12
    Match ID
    7c1d5e6b-a23e-4a92-b53c-720afeb1b951
  2. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.0.0; through including 7.0.9
    Match ID
    dac18f7e-5242-4f36-bb42-fec33b3ac075
  3. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 1.1.0; through including 1.1.6
    Match ID
    e6bbf05f-4967-4a2e-a8f8-c2086097148b
  4. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.2.0; through including 7.2.3
    Match ID
    3a99ff48-370e-4d2a-b5cc-889ea21ab213
  5. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 1.2.0; through including 1.2.13
    Match ID
    33b84d9a-55e3-4146-a55a-acb507e61b05

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0b0a799e-9e9c-4f66-899c-51f17e3123091a74071c-c7e8-4f70-9b17-e03889bae6d68ecdc2b0-32bf-48aa-a670-a945fd27637c
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
23
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0dd79102-2dcc-4baf-b886-1a254e123ba117baaab2-e6c3-4cfa-831f-38c5208f05f619e96cd8-e606-4533-8150-e274b6ca0b8729e4213e-9ae1-41b8-9606-d6345a2538c832202d8b-ab27-4e6c-bdc0-7059783ce12d53f2ae8b-abec-4498-87e3-1a4730cb98f16bd1adeb-8409-4edd-af71-a0d2486cb2a47bacf703-eb6b-4384-a2f6-41978f6a938b875f79c3-a7b5-428b-b94d-84abf0d8d63692088527-69e8-403d-8721-ce5e4c0fea3f9a7b725e-4538-468c-8afb-0e756259849b9dd81fb2-e521-4c16-99fd-c4acddcbd869a34fb0f5-ae93-4952-863c-6e005e14a059a9b2d059-06b9-4f66-8fb7-e433b5435672b14046ed-b031-42fe-89e3-068239458c63ba0892cd-074d-46fa-b94f-1c9e4de1fb1bd0f621fb-0e3d-4f9f-ac9d-20eb320cb4bad5b46595-875e-4f09-a235-a1cf07ac02b9da919da0-e3be-4046-bbd3-e02b0a005510ea1558a5-31cd-438e-a3a6-ab019427913bedc4e395-7619-4a08-bdb7-a63affc49ef1f2301c5d-d8d1-4c47-9d37-4e82d4b8dbddf4375318-3b66-48ca-af98-5c4b44936d34

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
psirt@fortinet.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.2
fortinetCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:F/RL:X/RC:R

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.2Display only

fortinet

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:F/RC:R
Validation
Base mismatch
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Outside current scoring policy
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.