CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2023-2868

Remote Code injection in Barracuda Email Security Gateway

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since May 26, 2023). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 87.4% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

87.2–89.2Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A remote command injection vulnerability exists in the Barracuda Email Security Gateway (appliance form factor only) product effecting versions 5.1.3.001-9.2.0.006. The vulnerability arises out of a failure to comprehensively sanitize the processing of .tar file (tape archives). The vulnerability stems from incomplete input validation of a user-supplied .tar file as it pertains to the names of the files contained within the archive. As a consequence, a remote attacker can specifically format these file names in a particular manner that will result in remotely executing a system command through Perl's qx operator with the privileges of the Email Security Gateway product. This issue was fixed as part of BNSF-36456 patch. This patch was automatically applied to all customer appliances.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
May 24, 2023
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
97%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    Google

    Record text: Remote Code injection in Barracuda Email Security Gateway

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Remote Code injection in Barracuda Email Security Gateway
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Barracuda Networks ESG Appliance Improper Input Validation Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Barracuda Networks ESG Appliance Improper Input Validation Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 87.45% probability · 99.74th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.874490000000; percentile 0.997430000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date May 26, 2023 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood87.45%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 99.7th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
GoogleOriginal assertion
Record text

Remote Code injection in Barracuda Email Security Gateway

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Remote Code injection in Barracuda Email Security Gateway
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Barracuda Networks ESG Appliance Improper Input Validation Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Barracuda Networks ESG Appliance Improper Input Validation Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

87.45% probability · 99.74th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.874490000000; percentile 0.997430000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
10Underlying assertions
10Canonical products
5Target assertions
5Constraint assertions

Grouped from 10 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

11 scope groups

Google · source assertedBarracudaBarracuda Email Security GatewayDirect source scope
Affected: 5.1.3.001 to before 9.2.0.006 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "5.1.3.001", "lessThan": "9.2.0.006", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · HARDWAREbarracudaemail_security_gateway_300Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-9dc0372a97af5d9b97d7ca61d32941f478b93e53874e923be58f3699b79b69bdLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:barracuda:email_security_gateway_300:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    824dae15-3628-4346-947e-c33fa46aade6
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMbarracudaemail_security_gateway_300_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.1.3.001, <= 9.2.0.006)Canonical identity product-c1bc737a6bdd911e71d8029b0ab6bb6a3f875e3971324fda749600bf40a440d0Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:barracuda:email_security_gateway_300_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.1.3.001; through including 9.2.0.006
    Match ID
    f270dbda-ee31-4af0-8743-d742467485cf
NVD CPE · HARDWAREbarracudaemail_security_gateway_400Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-7a6255b776bd31ec240966c4d72014ed02a87b1b19a30e228d815fff4450198eLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:barracuda:email_security_gateway_400:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    acd3dd62-d690-47f9-8416-61ad78b33699
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMbarracudaemail_security_gateway_400_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.1.3.001, <= 9.2.0.006)Canonical identity product-13490315bec40bf3e538d3deebadbc498f5738324f26fb71ed4f37cd7c1e1585Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:barracuda:email_security_gateway_400_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.1.3.001; through including 9.2.0.006
    Match ID
    4a9b9e0b-f8d4-4626-ad39-bd525d638693
NVD CPE · HARDWAREbarracudaemail_security_gateway_600Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-19c558d3ccd18aa3a97a5f7f11e64da080511fbf9d77011e0bf72577043d0935Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:barracuda:email_security_gateway_600:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    6c507d86-2e68-44a4-a31c-eef9a6bbee54
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMbarracudaemail_security_gateway_600_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.1.3.001, <= 9.2.0.006)Canonical identity product-47889fff3a67248618d4dbb6597f01ef5d60fb1ebc12fe38c0067a4d8a224c0bLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:barracuda:email_security_gateway_600_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.1.3.001; through including 9.2.0.006
    Match ID
    83d228ea-35c8-4b6e-9d22-cf0f7c20362b
NVD CPE · HARDWAREbarracudaemail_security_gateway_800Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-8585dc4514a9005996909be12fb0fb380af396845bb6fd34f399c621f80a3e70Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:barracuda:email_security_gateway_800:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    3 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    74d999d5-6ce5-49f7-a0c5-0b44704fee45
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMbarracudaemail_security_gateway_800_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.1.3.001, <= 9.2.0.006)Canonical identity product-0330352ae3905a7b08c5335ba2182c159a912e019ecebdbf330010a8817b06c3Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:barracuda:email_security_gateway_800_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.1.3.001; through including 9.2.0.006
    Match ID
    8adac6b0-de92-41f6-b8b1-1c830bb70c24
NVD CPE · HARDWAREbarracudaemail_security_gateway_900Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-a488259c9158fde49394a70310f362ec32ef78416fb6ab4bbb5557d1c4fdf778Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:barracuda:email_security_gateway_900:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    4 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ffa6ea4b-b0ff-437b-a48e-f11d0cd5eb2b
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMbarracudaemail_security_gateway_900_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.1.3.001, <= 9.2.0.006)Canonical identity product-ce8bbba67727a88b1ab12bcad3e63a203a8ee4a93e4697b6fff2b4fcc6ec7cdcLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:barracuda:email_security_gateway_900_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    4 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.1.3.001; through including 9.2.0.006
    Match ID
    c5a27a43-e632-4c8a-a9f8-49c6e091e7ed

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

5 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8b8d02a6af980b3913f497b9acafd6f515b474d9a634d93c750d02fba0278608 · product-0330352ae3905a7b08c5335ba2182c159a912e019ecebdbf330010a8817b06c3

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
5328d58c-1f40-4ee7-a1bc-ee961dbf9d5b
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8b8d02a6af980b3913f497b9acafd6f515b474d9a634d93c750d02fba0278608 · product-13490315bec40bf3e538d3deebadbc498f5738324f26fb71ed4f37cd7c1e1585

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
01e368c4-0afd-4b22-b220-e04a291c1b29
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8b8d02a6af980b3913f497b9acafd6f515b474d9a634d93c750d02fba0278608 · product-47889fff3a67248618d4dbb6597f01ef5d60fb1ebc12fe38c0067a4d8a224c0b

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
159936ba-5144-4891-b0f7-8420c9bd16a9
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8b8d02a6af980b3913f497b9acafd6f515b474d9a634d93c750d02fba0278608 · product-c1bc737a6bdd911e71d8029b0ab6bb6a3f875e3971324fda749600bf40a440d0

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
f932e64f-31a8-4be5-88ba-53f19c41b07d
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8b8d02a6af980b3913f497b9acafd6f515b474d9a634d93c750d02fba0278608 · product-ce8bbba67727a88b1ab12bcad3e63a203a8ee4a93e4697b6fff2b4fcc6ec7cdc

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
83ea7662-9618-4645-b6de-143d395127cf
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
f619b81b-ba9b-45d3-8676-aeb62713486c

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.4
cve-coordination@google.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L
9.4
GoogleCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.4Priority eligible

Google

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.4
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.