CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2023-28771

Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG FLEX series firmware…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since May 31, 2023). Zyxel reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 99.3% exploit likelihood as of Aug 8, 2026.

92.1–94.3Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG FLEX series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, and ATP series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute some OS commands remotely by sending crafted packets to an affected device.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Apr 25, 2023
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
97%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    Zyxel

    Record text: Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG FLEX series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, and ATP series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute some OS commands remotely by sending crafted packets to an affected device.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG FLEX series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, and ATP series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute some OS commands remotely by sending crafted packets to an affected device.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Zyxel Multiple Firewalls OS Command Injection Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Zyxel Multiple Firewalls OS Command Injection Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 99.28% probability · 99.93th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.992840000000; percentile 0.999330000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date May 31, 2023 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood99.28%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 8, 2026 · 99.9th percentile · first observed Aug 8, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

Zyxel · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
ZyxelOriginal assertion
Record text

Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG FLEX series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, and ATP series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute some OS commands remotely by sending crafted packets to an affected device.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG FLEX series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, and ATP series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute some OS commands remotely by sending crafted packets to an affected device.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Zyxel Multiple Firewalls OS Command Injection Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Zyxel Multiple Firewalls OS Command Injection Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

99.28% probability · 99.93th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.992840000000; percentile 0.999330000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
40Underlying assertions
38Canonical products
21Target assertions
19Constraint assertions

Grouped from 38 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

42 scope groups

Zyxel · source assertedZyxelATP series firmwareDirect source scope
Affected: 4.60 through 5.35
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.60 through 5.35"}]
Zyxel · source assertedZyxelUSG FLEX series firmwareDirect source scope
Affected: 4.60 through 5.35
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.60 through 5.35"}]
Zyxel · source assertedZyxelVPN series firmwareDirect source scope
Affected: 4.60 through 5.35
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.60 through 5.35"}]
Zyxel · source assertedZyxelZyWALL/USG series firmwareDirect source scope
Affected: 4.60 through 4.73
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.60 through 4.73"}]
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelatp100Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-1200899350c6986d5c964f597f369618d1abb63616766a4ba3ec511b2ebc27e6Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:atp100:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    7f7654a1-3806-41c7-82d4-46b0cd7ee53b
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelatp100_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.36)Canonical identity product-a61d6943c1bad48e17a6899eb15990b4a194af3c4c7456d58636c745ce6c0123Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:atp100_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.36
    Match ID
    558978ad-8153-4c1f-a6de-ccfbf69f754d
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelatp100wEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-e89e0034d5de943870101b99bf70729bdf104ab7b27b822fa2c5ad4c217de46cLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:atp100w:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    47398fd0-6c5e-4625-9efd-de08c9ab7db2
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelatp100w_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.35)Canonical identity product-6e8453083842a704d3eef10ca166fe4982207762b43dbd869f4d6d6da51c6519Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:atp100w_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.35
    Match ID
    b150462b-6a4a-4b8c-800d-a83e24c79819
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelatp200Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-204c039ba605ff99a732d4aeb892002d51199a5a7289e8fc9a6195251cd09d02Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:atp200:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    2 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d68a36ff-8caf-401c-9f18-94f3a2405cf4
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelatp200_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.36)Canonical identity product-d262d95a9d2b47c5c7875f791f3c6fa9d5d2b48a0a40750bed16cd94cd692f89Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:atp200_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.36
    Match ID
    a32a52f5-5406-4a44-a5c1-42fcdc8c6b22
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelatp500Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-2aadc23472d0134ca1a46a96d237076a2f79c52ee591e309a631af2c09fe5858Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:atp500:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    3 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2818e8ac-ffee-4df9-bf3f-c75166c0e851
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelatp500_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.36)Canonical identity product-51aff2d0b03d80e26b46d437c992b29e60a2d3fc16c8471fd199c9d23383d177Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:atp500_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.36
    Match ID
    320fc232-d76c-4d8a-8003-7c9a7a287a4c
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelatp700Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-cea0f4a3423fb565b7fc5420cfee82db0edf528bf9235d8292671f6e8ae64fe8Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:atp700:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    4 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    0b41f437-855b-4490-8011-df59887be6d5
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelatp700_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.36)Canonical identity product-e80ae947ef2fbf604a1685f7dbf5e9c3fecc4edde631c371210a3a8519233fb1Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:atp700_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    4 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.36
    Match ID
    2360f0cc-6958-47b6-87a9-b03d52debaf8
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelatp800Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-3d53771a3239415f970ae3ae39ad7aea35c319c755ea6e942a0f4add01901eb2Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:atp800:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    5 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    66b99746-0589-46e6-9cbd-f38619ad97dc
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelatp800_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.36)Canonical identity product-c0379851b411c8239197abf9661f20e966d7560c151b11c7647d2508bf2f7e92Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:atp800_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    5 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.36
    Match ID
    6c4ee067-e0f0-49b7-8698-8b1ad8e346f0
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelusg_flex_100Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-70213505d2b8f408c480cab89b9ac09b5fe0d081880dce71e2b038b5834e0be1Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_100:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    6 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2b30a4c0-9928-46ad-9210-c25656fb43fb
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelusg_flex_100_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.36)Canonical identity product-e4ca10df87762079f9b736c8c1995cdeb765fb4ad23b6ecc52f0bcca7fd863e0Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:usg_flex_100_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    6 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.36
    Match ID
    d96cb09a-9ab3-4360-acfc-a917e7eec460
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelusg_flex_100wEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-e64f051566e72ee8abc4c7cf7c156e863ad218d5c276e00ed48e367f76fc3301Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_100w:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    7 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d74aba7e-aa78-4a13-a64e-c44021591b42
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelusg_flex_100w_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.36)Canonical identity product-5abdfb839c49688aabb3222f4bc5147ec7b4516467e598cdf06c89143c252874Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:usg_flex_100w_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    7 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.36
    Match ID
    f0226dad-492b-493d-b15e-90aa593baaab
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelusg_flex_200Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-186ec2e7e83ecc39c0cd4f4aab725cf56a83377b1b1f4e40d0fefce00e4a9d1cLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_200:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    8 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    f93b6a06-2951-46d2-a7e1-103d7318d612
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelusg_flex_200_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.36)Canonical identity product-0b2bf582a5aa79942527606012ba4ef11a68ad9abca59a4abf071acaeb96106cLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:usg_flex_200_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    8 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.36
    Match ID
    030f29c9-5435-4ea5-b009-895bb2259c19
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelusg_flex_50Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-7025caa2dd69d9529684ecd695318b3af50756e32c1568668375fa72f8cddf26Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_50:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    9 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    646c1f07-b553-47b0-953b-dc7de7fd0f8b
NVD CPE · HARDWAREzyxelusg_flex_500Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-afda088bf23ac862c272dd4f5b5f3637e058cc2d39deaa00cbf718d11c5a5293Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_500:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    10 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    92c697a5-d1d3-4ff0-9c43-d27b18181958
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMzyxelusg_flex_500_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.60, < 5.36)Canonical identity product-0c7537a3c4e962c61695d9a69c09c71c4706711aff73126318bc69c88e8d810dLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:usg_flex_500_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    10 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.60; through excluding 5.36
    Match ID
    62acd903-ac40-451c-b2ab-6f843b3c8897

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

19 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-0b2bf582a5aa79942527606012ba4ef11a68ad9abca59a4abf071acaeb96106c

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
3427c52e-1be9-4fc4-8fcb-fabd8626fe98
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-0c7537a3c4e962c61695d9a69c09c71c4706711aff73126318bc69c88e8d810d

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
5d085d9f-feb0-43ca-af46-88c88eac9305
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-326008e6d320d68bbeba0496f28a5df816c3b4b5fd083259f33968af444d8583

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
9fd6d40f-7650-4cb0-8596-8cdc1d20d90a
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-4a22d13d20b2b234d9cb1f00a2ebfe15540308e527b5453695017c0215f181f6

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
09562def-83f6-4531-a040-35985ed07793423a0f93-65e5-464b-b1b6-f10ca96a8e60
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-51aff2d0b03d80e26b46d437c992b29e60a2d3fc16c8471fd199c9d23383d177

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
07b45018-5eb6-4441-b5b2-46382fc88147
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-5abdfb839c49688aabb3222f4bc5147ec7b4516467e598cdf06c89143c252874

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
33795c47-a025-4908-8262-e97578fe1cde
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-6082442a6083cd87efca032eced3b7c869d191d5abe797ca758b24a14219ab98

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
633293d5-bb88-4a2c-b48f-eb01fa3ed4be
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-6e8453083842a704d3eef10ca166fe4982207762b43dbd869f4d6d6da51c6519

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
7afb8416-13dd-464b-a7d8-5c644675c8d3
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-73d8643b6be148d5a452006e63a97198060a54c941b1f1e4638cc41687b261d6

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
645b66a0-1676-4ea9-842c-f122c095a8f6
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-750c77056e3509254876815ce6785adb86ce7c2ee089bdf23dab5a205a9686fc

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
2f1079c4-f399-43ef-89c8-cbe0b4de66f0
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-936a8a7c943c7226136a60acef772ee4ce5ac143e5655c668b852f5b8d502342

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
f4c6702f-b859-487a-8e84-a71e99fdad06
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-a61d6943c1bad48e17a6899eb15990b4a194af3c4c7456d58636c745ce6c0123

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
a74abc05-a30c-4d6d-84bd-0901caa1668e
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-b10a1362668b63857a40dbce81e132ee634f778c049a570f740c0be7770970e3

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
04705889-6702-4aab-b25c-fee8f61435c841933d56-ce2c-45ab-97f3-d6633122bbf8
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-c0379851b411c8239197abf9661f20e966d7560c151b11c7647d2508bf2f7e92

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
9ac7ef6d-395e-4547-9e0f-ecb6304d1809
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-d262d95a9d2b47c5c7875f791f3c6fa9d5d2b48a0a40750bed16cd94cd692f89

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
85e87521-0db4-4326-93af-3ee1e34df44f
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-d781087797ffcbc50b6c52eb91f3e346a66c12189f2fe0f9f13d2c13ec28c3f6

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
9cd77d57-477d-4916-9587-cd6c3f6fd2bc
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-e09b599c8ada399dff2b8ab79fd7bbc40401bd2afbe161b152324fc7a13c2c40

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
db3b4e52-d7ea-4f7a-8594-5373df0101ad
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-e4ca10df87762079f9b736c8c1995cdeb765fb4ad23b6ecc52f0bcca7fd863e0

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
fe0fe925-8547-40d9-aeca-2597257fc90a
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-b18047daaf1c9692aefa2edb7182e0b8d93a7a346ff6d96ee9c363ca18b9f5cc · product-e80ae947ef2fbf604a1685f7dbf5e9c3fecc4edde631c371210a3a8519233fb1

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
82451e7a-3ac7-4982-b948-074622520d77
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
8cdececd-a9c4-4745-b83a-e3d140e0cfc7bc6f5c9c-03c2-440a-a3d0-51fed09ef0eed13d2654-4328-4457-9b2a-b988e6f59020fbbe8218-5b04-4f54-823d-ec714cca32b5

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
security@zyxel.com.twCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
ZyxelCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.8Priority eligible

Zyxel

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.