CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2023-41991

CVE-2023-41991

58.0–73.0Priority evidence range
As known Jul 19, 2026, 5:00 AM UTCgen-56ccdaf9

Normalized restatement

A certificate validation issue was addressed. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.6, iOS 16.7 and iPadOS 16.7. A malicious app may be able to bypass signature validation. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited against versions of iOS before iOS 16.7.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Sep 21, 2023
Updated
Nov 4, 2025
Evidence coverage
85%
CISA KEVCatalog member

Apply mitigations per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.

FIRST EPSS4.55%

2026-07-18 · v2026.06.15 · percentile 90.5%

Source stateNo scored conflict

Distinct CVSS assessments remain side by side; none are averaged.

Source comparison

Who said what

appleoriginal assertion
container

A certificate validation issue was addressed. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.6, iOS 16.7 and iPadOS 16.7. A malicious app may be able to bypass signature validation. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited against versions of iOS before iOS 16.7.

CISA-ADPindependent enrichment
container

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

CVEderivative copy
container

CVE Program Container

CISA KEVoriginal assertion
observed_exploitation

Apple Multiple Products Improper Certificate Validation Vulnerability

FIRST EPSSoriginal assertion
model_probability

Probability 0.045470000000; percentile 0.905190000000

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
AppleiOS and iPadOS
[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "16.7", "versionType": "custom"}]unknown
ApplemacOS
[{"status": "affected", "version": "unspecified", "lessThan": "13.6", "versionType": "custom"}]unknown
Unknown vendorUnknown product
cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; end excluding 16.7supported
Unknown vendorUnknown product
cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados:17.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*supported
Unknown vendorUnknown product
cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; end excluding 16.7supported
Unknown vendorUnknown product
cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os:17.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*supported
Unknown vendorUnknown product
cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 13.0; end excluding 13.6supported

Assessments

CVSS by origin

5.5
nvd@nist.govCVSS 3.1 · role PrimaryCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
5.5
134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0CVSS 3.1 · role SecondaryCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
5.5
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknownCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

Limitations and unknowns

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; unresolved scope remains unknown.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative and are not independent corroboration.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Factor D is unknown in Public Core because no accepted canonical mapping-obligation ledger is present.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.