CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2023-46604

Apache ActiveMQ, Apache ActiveMQ Legacy OpenWire Module: Unbounded deserialization causes ActiveMQ to be vulnerable to a remote code execution (RCE) attack

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Nov 2, 2023). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 99.7% exploit likelihood as of Aug 18, 2026.

91.0–92.7Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

The Java OpenWire protocol marshaller is vulnerable to Remote Code Execution. This vulnerability may allow a remote attacker with network access to either a Java-based OpenWire broker or client to run arbitrary shell commands by manipulating serialized class types in the OpenWire protocol to cause either the client or the broker (respectively) to instantiate any class on the classpath. Users are recommended to upgrade both brokers and clients to version 5.15.16, 5.16.7, 5.17.6, or 5.18.3 which fixes this issue.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Oct 27, 2023
Updated
Nov 3, 2025
Evidence coverage
98%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    apache

    Record text: Apache ActiveMQ, Apache ActiveMQ Legacy OpenWire Module: Unbounded deserialization causes ActiveMQ to be vulnerable to a remote code execution (RCE) attack

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Apache ActiveMQ, Apache ActiveMQ Legacy OpenWire Module: Unbounded deserialization causes ActiveMQ to be vulnerable to a remote code execution (RCE) attack
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Apache ActiveMQ Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Apache ActiveMQ Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 99.72% probability · 99.95th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.997230000000; percentile 0.999520000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Nov 2, 2023 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood99.72%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 18, 2026 · 100th percentile · first observed Aug 18, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

apacheOriginal assertion
Record text

Apache ActiveMQ, Apache ActiveMQ Legacy OpenWire Module: Unbounded deserialization causes ActiveMQ to be vulnerable to a remote code execution (RCE) attack

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Apache ActiveMQ, Apache ActiveMQ Legacy OpenWire Module: Unbounded deserialization causes ActiveMQ to be vulnerable to a remote code execution (RCE) attack
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Apache ActiveMQ Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Apache ActiveMQ Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

99.72% probability · 99.95th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.997230000000; percentile 0.999520000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
13Underlying assertions
6Canonical products
13Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 4 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

8 scope groups

apache · source assertedApache Software FoundationApache ActiveMQDirect source scope
Affected: 5.18.0 to before 5.18.3 (semver comparison)Affected: 5.17.0 to before 5.17.6 (semver comparison)Affected: 5.16.0 to before 5.16.7 (semver comparison)Affected: 0 to before 5.15.16 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "5.18.0", "lessThan": "5.18.3", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5.17.0", "lessThan": "5.17.6", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5.16.0", "lessThan": "5.16.7", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "5.15.16", "versionType": "semver"}]
apache · source assertedApache Software FoundationApache ActiveMQ Legacy OpenWire ModuleDirect source scope
Affected: 5.18.0 to before 5.18.3 (semver comparison)Affected: 5.17.0 to before 5.17.6 (semver comparison)Affected: 5.16.0 to before 5.16.7 (semver comparison)Affected: 5.8.0 to before 5.15.16 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "5.18.0", "lessThan": "5.18.3", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5.17.0", "lessThan": "5.17.6", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5.16.0", "lessThan": "5.16.7", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5.8.0", "lessThan": "5.15.16", "versionType": "semver"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONapacheactivemqVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 5.15.16); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.16.0, < 5.16.7); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.17.0, < 5.17.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.18.0, < 5.18.3)Canonical identity product-9dbaf4d340c9a3ea99b72c4caa7f1c532772beee338b516f4a365c8dc60a7707Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:apache:activemq:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.17.0; through excluding 5.17.6
    Match ID
    5c8395c4-40d7-4bd3-970b-3f0e32bcb771
  2. cpe:2.3:a:apache:activemq:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.18.0; through excluding 5.18.3
    Match ID
    cda18155-d2ad-459a-94c7-136f981fd252
  3. cpe:2.3:a:apache:activemq:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.16.0; through excluding 5.16.7
    Match ID
    d8a5c039-10ba-4d0e-a243-6b313721c7ff
  4. cpe:2.3:a:apache:activemq:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 5.15.16
    Match ID
    28b695e3-e637-44dc-bf2c-a24943eadba1
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONapacheactivemq_legacy_openwire_moduleVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 5.15.16); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.16.0, < 5.16.7); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.17.0, < 5.17.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 5.18.0, < 5.18.3)Canonical identity product-9ebb0889f3922bcba47f974b13c8df4547fb5230fc964b44f096164a9d4c6a95Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:apache:activemq_legacy_openwire_module:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 5.15.16
    Match ID
    2d92110d-b913-4431-b7eb-0c949544e7b8
  2. cpe:2.3:a:apache:activemq_legacy_openwire_module:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.17.0; through excluding 5.17.6
    Match ID
    050649b9-4196-4ba1-9323-6b49e45b2e98
  3. cpe:2.3:a:apache:activemq_legacy_openwire_module:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.16.0; through excluding 5.16.7
    Match ID
    8476d8d6-8394-4cd0-9e8c-41dcd96983be
  4. cpe:2.3:a:apache:activemq_legacy_openwire_module:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 5.18.0; through excluding 5.18.3
    Match ID
    ce9ae45e-8cde-4083-a996-d0e90ea0a792
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMdebiandebian_linuxVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version 10.0; Version 11.0Canonical identity product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447eLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    07b237a9-69a3-4a9c-9da0-4e06bd37ae73
  2. cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fa6feec2-9f11-4643-8827-749718254fed
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONnetappe-series_santricity_unified_managerVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-a93218a53ddeb3369412d30a0b9a3f1bcb9eb448a26dfbbac81d49782a735164Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:netapp:e-series_santricity_unified_manager:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    bb695329-036b-447d-beb0-aa4d89d1d99c
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONnetappe-series_santricity_web_services_proxyVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-da160aeb3ee85e56ee2bf2c92db992d53fb3c790e6c1b595ee77e3c8d4d970a6Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:netapp:e-series_santricity_web_services_proxy:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    23f148ec-6d6d-4c4f-b57c-cfbcd3d32b41
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONnetappsantricity_storage_pluginVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-7fc9c17f4ef7afe889270fcba1369f2b25e79429500e7b46ec6067f0da0b4426Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:netapp:santricity_storage_plugin:-:*:*:*:*:vcenter:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    3 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    82e94b87-065e-475f-815c-f49978ce22fc

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

6 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-66ae8c5e06427f7450637d18322b0dc411c0b469d940341cf076a620d444fe3c · product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447e

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
127616e8-c0d0-4025-8b96-7f44f272036e37b61d59-f8a4-4a5c-8167-7b3d55b4607f
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d1dcf2e2192106a1eb34744930a80b83005fa5d60195c923256e69ac39974aed · product-7fc9c17f4ef7afe889270fcba1369f2b25e79429500e7b46ec6067f0da0b4426

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
6a938219-e5b8-4a3d-a4b9-bee27d837bbe
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8771dac0ae5eeec984ca23e4bbe5a243fb7896ad7c1c4afc6acd3abe53fdd152 · product-9dbaf4d340c9a3ea99b72c4caa7f1c532772beee338b516f4a365c8dc60a7707

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
1bfe3882-a07a-49bd-9eae-11714a67a1e952762901-f22c-45f1-9413-865e48ae56185e7c6771-fc0a-4d3f-886a-de722ecd126da6485032-6825-4815-b605-24fb0ffda5e6
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-8771dac0ae5eeec984ca23e4bbe5a243fb7896ad7c1c4afc6acd3abe53fdd152 · product-9ebb0889f3922bcba47f974b13c8df4547fb5230fc964b44f096164a9d4c6a95

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
49e26fe7-b6ed-443b-8029-7ad85d15ff175b4083a2-ad94-4c7c-a02c-ee3d086bba9565039da4-b9a5-4487-a371-4b0bb11cb0d3a2e01c1d-7861-426f-b5dd-1de2c9b492d4
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d1dcf2e2192106a1eb34744930a80b83005fa5d60195c923256e69ac39974aed · product-a93218a53ddeb3369412d30a0b9a3f1bcb9eb448a26dfbbac81d49782a735164

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
fda5041e-1045-458d-b18d-7f90f584f860
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d1dcf2e2192106a1eb34744930a80b83005fa5d60195c923256e69ac39974aed · product-da160aeb3ee85e56ee2bf2c92db992d53fb3c790e6c1b595ee77e3c8d4d970a6

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
49fed99d-a546-4cb7-90f9-62cd8646deff
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
adfa31b2-ac52-4982-8dd2-720b9bb9436ed8cf8c29-d8a1-405e-b7a9-4b9f08d94f26

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
10.0
security@apache.orgCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H
10.0
apacheCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

10.0Priority eligible

apache

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
10.0
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.