CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2023-48788

A improper neutralization of special elements used in an sql command ('sql injection') in Fortinet FortiClientEMS version 7.2.0 through 7.2.2, FortiClientEMS 7.0.1 through…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 25, 2024). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 98.4% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

87.0–90.5Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A improper neutralization of special elements used in an sql command ('sql injection') in Fortinet FortiClientEMS version 7.2.0 through 7.2.2, FortiClientEMS 7.0.1 through 7.0.10 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Mar 12, 2024
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
91%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    fortinet

    Record text: A improper neutralization of special elements used in an sql command ('sql injection') in Fortinet FortiClientEMS version 7.2.0 through 7.2.2, FortiClientEMS 7.0.1 through 7.0.10 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A improper neutralization of special elements used in an sql command ('sql injection') in Fortinet FortiClientEMS version 7.2.0 through 7.2.2, FortiClientEMS 7.0.1 through 7.0.10 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Fortinet FortiClient EMS SQL Injection Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Fortinet FortiClient EMS SQL Injection Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 98.45% probability · 99.91th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.984460000000; percentile 0.999150000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 25, 2024 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood98.45%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 99.9th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
fortinetOriginal assertion
Record text

A improper neutralization of special elements used in an sql command ('sql injection') in Fortinet FortiClientEMS version 7.2.0 through 7.2.2, FortiClientEMS 7.0.1 through 7.0.10 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A improper neutralization of special elements used in an sql command ('sql injection') in Fortinet FortiClientEMS version 7.2.0 through 7.2.2, FortiClientEMS 7.0.1 through 7.0.10 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Fortinet FortiClient EMS SQL Injection Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Fortinet FortiClient EMS SQL Injection Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

98.45% probability · 99.91th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.984460000000; percentile 0.999150000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
2Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
2Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

4 scope groups

CISA-ADP · source assertedfortinetforticlient_enterprise_management_serverDirect source scope
Affected: 7.2.0 through 7.2.2 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.0.1 through 7.0.10 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.1", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.0.10"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedfortinetforticlient_enterprise_management_serverDirect source scope
Affected: 7.2.0 through 7.2.2 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.0.1 through 7.0.10 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.1", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.0.10"}]
fortinet · source assertedFortinetFortiClientEMSDirect source scope
Affected: 7.2.0 through 7.2.2 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.0.1 through 7.0.10 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.1", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.0.10"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONfortinetforticlient_enterprise_management_serverVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.0.1, < 7.0.11); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.2.0, < 7.2.3)Canonical identity product-bc1f83675928351510150a9e8baf58942c7c0ed9fb2e5993b8c31ce19f278280Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:forticlient_enterprise_management_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.0.1; through excluding 7.0.11
    Match ID
    35945d3a-886a-4bc1-8930-083a5dc61390
  2. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:forticlient_enterprise_management_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.2.0; through excluding 7.2.3
    Match ID
    92ff887e-f119-413f-92f4-b9314c953f9b

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

1 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-a82aadab6a309189375ddbea412e10a6aef0b5411f0ae9526eeafad0e62c10e6 · product-bc1f83675928351510150a9e8baf58942c7c0ed9fb2e5993b8c31ce19f278280

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
35d1f00f-ebb0-44fd-a6b0-58217925ccd96b636f51-7be5-4e21-826d-b05dd4738cb2
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0d179b09-30cf-470c-a27b-f46368afc291a832f930-cb75-40e0-97d4-f480fdb972a2b2a6e87f-fd04-4bd9-a3b3-1488893ae2d6

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
psirt@fortinet.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.3
fortinetCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:U/RC:C

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.3Display only

fortinet

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:U/RC:C
Validation
Base mismatch
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Outside current scoring policy
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.