CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2024-36401

Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in evaluating property name expressions in Geoserver

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jul 15, 2024). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 99.8% exploit likelihood as of Aug 18, 2026.

88.7–91.9Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

GeoServer is an open source server that allows users to share and edit geospatial data. Prior to versions 2.22.6, 2.23.6, 2.24.4, and 2.25.2, multiple OGC request parameters allow Remote Code Execution (RCE) by unauthenticated users through specially crafted input against a default GeoServer installation due to unsafely evaluating property names as XPath expressions. The GeoTools library API that GeoServer calls evaluates property/attribute names for feature types in a way that unsafely passes them to the commons-jxpath library which can execute arbitrary code when evaluating XPath expressions. This XPath evaluation is intended to be used only by complex feature types (i.e., Application Schema data stores) but is incorrectly being applied to simple feature types as well which makes this vulnerability apply to **ALL** GeoServer instances. No public PoC is provided but this vulnerability has been confirmed to be exploitable through WFS GetFeature, WFS GetPropertyValue, WMS GetMap, WMS GetFeatureInfo, WMS GetLegendGraphic and WPS Execute requests. This vulnerability can lead to executing arbitrary code. Versions 2.22.6, 2.23.6, 2.24.4, and 2.25.2 contain a patch for the issue. A workaround exists by removing the `gt-complex-x.y.jar` file from the GeoServer where `x.y` is the GeoTools version (e.g., `gt-complex-31.1.jar` if running GeoServer 2.25.1). This will remove the vulnerable code from GeoServer but may break some GeoServer functionality or prevent GeoServer from deploying if the gt-complex module is needed.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jul 1, 2024
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
96%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

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    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    GitHub_M

    Record text: Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in evaluating property name expressions in Geoserver

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in evaluating property name expressions in Geoserver
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: OSGeo GeoServer GeoTools Eval Injection Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    OSGeo GeoServer GeoTools Eval Injection Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 99.81% probability · 99.96th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.998130000000; percentile 0.999580000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jul 15, 2024 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood99.81%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 18, 2026 · 100th percentile · first observed Aug 18, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

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Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

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Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
GitHub_MOriginal assertion
Record text

Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in evaluating property name expressions in Geoserver

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in evaluating property name expressions in Geoserver
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

OSGeo GeoServer GeoTools Eval Injection Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
OSGeo GeoServer GeoTools Eval Injection Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

99.81% probability · 99.96th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.998130000000; percentile 0.999580000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
11Underlying assertions
2Canonical products
11Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

6 scope groups

CISA-ADP · source assertedgeoservergeoserverDirect source scope
Affected: 0 to before 2.23.6 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "2.23.6", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedgeoservergeoserverDirect source scope
Affected: 2.24.0 to before 2.24.4 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "2.24.0", "lessThan": "2.24.4", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedgeoservergeoserverDirect source scope
Affected: 2.25.0 to before 2.25.2 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "2.25.0", "lessThan": "2.25.2", "versionType": "custom"}]
GitHub_M · source assertedgeoservergeoserverDirect source scope
Affected: >= 2.23.0, < 2.23.6Affected: >= 2.24.0, < 2.24.4Affected: >= 2.25.0, < 2.25.2Affected: < 2.22.6
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.23.0, < 2.23.6"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.24.0, < 2.24.4"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.25.0, < 2.25.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "< 2.22.6"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONgeoservergeoserverVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 2.22.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.23.0, < 2.23.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.24.0, < 2.24.4); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.25.0, < 2.25.2)Canonical identity product-bf874be236ae16764b023659037dfa8f2f2cedf9a5a9586d6d5778258696c5faLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:geoserver:geoserver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.24.0; through excluding 2.24.4
    Match ID
    6a407e94-a7f2-4a4f-b96e-2b3dc8ff6df3
  2. cpe:2.3:a:geoserver:geoserver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.23.0; through excluding 2.23.6
    Match ID
    0069eb0e-bf96-47f5-8a02-13f9fa6c15d8
  3. cpe:2.3:a:geoserver:geoserver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.25.0; through excluding 2.25.2
    Match ID
    cfbaec7a-6250-45fe-ab54-30d72c03f62d
  4. cpe:2.3:a:geoserver:geoserver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 2.22.6
    Match ID
    be0ee582-fae7-4528-9a5e-6e56eb1de345
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONgeotoolsgeotoolsVulnerable target · 7 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 29.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 30.1, < 30.4); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 31.1, < 31.2); Version 30.0; Version 31.0Canonical identity product-2236b0e7e84ebff08e508627d0fdce74bbcf918c7115802d7403ce712556790eLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:geotools:geotools:30.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    cce433a3-886d-4cbb-9696-660f517fbfee
  2. cpe:2.3:a:geotools:geotools:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 30.1; through excluding 30.4
    Match ID
    5e338785-9877-4731-b095-e40c86d89577
  3. cpe:2.3:a:geotools:geotools:31.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    75b1df89-efc1-4f5a-881e-495ae00e820b
  4. cpe:2.3:a:geotools:geotools:30.0:rc:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ceb40bcd-6d65-4dc8-a0bf-f5736d543b59
  5. cpe:2.3:a:geotools:geotools:31.0:rc:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    72752a30-52b9-4e95-90f8-a807618b5313
  6. cpe:2.3:a:geotools:geotools:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 31.1; through excluding 31.2
    Match ID
    956c1035-1771-4dbe-9b23-815db6ecb8bf
  7. cpe:2.3:a:geotools:geotools:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 29.6
    Match ID
    732de428-3515-459f-ae5f-08407ba1a049

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

2 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-4ba56e8f7fd3a87893daf361e629cf54e5ba65fea9a5d6f8801defb3251c823f · product-2236b0e7e84ebff08e508627d0fdce74bbcf918c7115802d7403ce712556790e

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
7
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
1cafb627-0b94-45e2-bf8c-985493d23e695d38200a-fea3-43b0-9549-c4d6b9e4d3867ada41a7-f278-4510-924a-f4c73426b4b28fc6a1de-cd56-4331-8aa2-a33d0f6923c09bddf775-d0a2-43c3-b832-88c62e684b8ad56f95fc-2305-4315-8f24-dc1247606ab2e8b9895e-6f58-45be-adfb-67faf1141efb
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-f6a1fcadd5b20719f2d29a90e3b5c5ee6147bacabfc5a22b25ce017e3648d7d1 · product-bf874be236ae16764b023659037dfa8f2f2cedf9a5a9586d6d5778258696c5fa

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
5f6a3e24-7563-4a05-b6de-8ac8895978da7f461744-80f6-4a6e-ab3a-b7b0e62315d5a49b93b1-4c3a-4e46-b1d4-7b93e5e2a456e13b65f7-e946-4015-aba5-a7883e1e401d
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
066ab84d-0a96-43b1-a727-01d946f1ce003a55ba88-c45a-4f5f-86bf-9ed32962ec9d3f309af2-4f5e-4570-8fad-1b559ce9cd10f6fe4f1e-8ac2-4289-b5ed-2c1ab6e2ebdb

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
security-advisories@github.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
GitHub_MCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.8Priority eligible

GitHub_M

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.