CISA KEV · catalog date Aug 7, 2024 · first observed Jul 19, 2026
Evidence dossier
CVE-2024-36971
net: fix __dst_negative_advice() race
Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Aug 7, 2024). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 7.8. EPSS estimates 2.7% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.
As of Aug 27, 2026
Normalized restatement
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: fix __dst_negative_advice() race __dst_negative_advice() does not enforce proper RCU rules when sk->dst_cache must be cleared, leading to possible UAF. RCU rules are that we must first clear sk->sk_dst_cache, then call dst_release(old_dst). Note that sk_dst_reset(sk) is implementing this protocol correctly, while __dst_negative_advice() uses the wrong order. Given that ip6_negative_advice() has special logic against RTF_CACHE, this means each of the three ->negative_advice() existing methods must perform the sk_dst_reset() themselves. Note the check against NULL dst is centralized in __dst_negative_advice(), there is no need to duplicate it in various callbacks. Many thanks to Clement Lecigne for tracking this issue. This old bug became visible after the blamed commit, using UDP sockets.
- State
- PUBLISHED
- Published
- Jun 10, 2024
- Updated
- Aug 5, 2026
- Evidence coverage
- 89%
Evidence chronology
What was known when
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCACISA KEVOriginal evidence ↗
Exploitation cataloged: Android Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Android Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCACISA-ADPOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment
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- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCACVE ProgramOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: CVE Program Container
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- Field
container- Value
- CVE Program Container
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCALinuxOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: net: fix __dst_negative_advice() race
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- net: fix __dst_negative_advice() race
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCAFIRST EPSSOriginal evidence ↗
EPSS score: 2.7% probability · 84.84th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.027010000000; percentile 0.848380000000
FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 84.8th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026
NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot
Evidence detail
Source limits and decisions
Why each evidence state has this value
casca-unknown-reasons-v1Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- evidence-policy-v1.1.0
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- evidence-policy-v1.1.0
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.
- Revision
- casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- None
The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.
- Revision
- casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
- Cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
- Resolution
- Resolve identity
Source comparison
Who said what
Android Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Android Kernel Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
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- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
CVE Program Container
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CVE Program Container
net: fix __dst_negative_advice() race
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- net: fix __dst_negative_advice() race
2.7% probability · 84.84th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.027010000000; percentile 0.848380000000
Applicability
Cited product scope
Grouped from 2 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.
Identity source boundaries
- Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z
27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa - Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z
955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e
22 scope groups
Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.10", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "*"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.1.94", "lessThan": "6.2", "versionType": "custom"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.6"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "051c0bde9f04", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "db0082825037", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "2295a7ef5c8c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "eacb8b195579", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "81dd3c82a456", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "5af198c38712", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "b8af8e6118a6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "92f1655aa2b2", "versionType": "git"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.34", "lessThan": "6.7", "versionType": "custom"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.9.4", "lessThan": "6.10", "versionType": "custom"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "051c0bde9f04", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "db0082825037", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "2295a7ef5c8c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "eacb8b195579", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "81dd3c82a456", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "5af198c38712", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "b8af8e6118a6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "92f1655aa2b2", "versionType": "git"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "051c0bde9f04", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "db0082825037", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "2295a7ef5c8c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "eacb8b195579", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "81dd3c82a456", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "5af198c38712", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "b8af8e6118a6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "92f1655aa2b2", "versionType": "git"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "051c0bde9f04", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "db0082825037", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "2295a7ef5c8c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "eacb8b195579", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "81dd3c82a456", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "5af198c38712", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "b8af8e6118a6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "92f1655aa2b2", "versionType": "git"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "051c0bde9f04", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "db0082825037", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "2295a7ef5c8c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "eacb8b195579", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "81dd3c82a456", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "5af198c38712", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "b8af8e6118a6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "92f1655aa2b2", "versionType": "git"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "051c0bde9f04", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "db0082825037", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "2295a7ef5c8c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "eacb8b195579", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "81dd3c82a456", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "5af198c38712", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "b8af8e6118a6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "92f1655aa2b2", "versionType": "git"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "051c0bde9f04", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "db0082825037", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "2295a7ef5c8c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "eacb8b195579", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "81dd3c82a456", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "5af198c38712", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "b8af8e6118a6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "92f1655aa2b2", "versionType": "git"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "051c0bde9f04", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "db0082825037", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "2295a7ef5c8c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "eacb8b195579", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "81dd3c82a456", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "5af198c38712", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "b8af8e6118a6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee8", "lessThan": "92f1655aa2b2", "versionType": "git"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "4.6", "versionType": "custom"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "4.19.316", "lessThan": "4.20", "versionType": "custom"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.4.278", "lessThan": "5.5", "versionType": "custom"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.10.219", "lessThan": "5.11", "versionType": "custom"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.15.161", "lessThan": "5.16", "versionType": "custom"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee86d29868d3f59cfb9ce1a8fa63314", "lessThan": "051c0bde9f0450a2ec3d62a86d2a0d2fad117f13", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee86d29868d3f59cfb9ce1a8fa63314", "lessThan": "db0082825037794c5dba9959c9de13ca34cc5e72", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee86d29868d3f59cfb9ce1a8fa63314", "lessThan": "2295a7ef5c8c49241bff769e7826ef2582e532a6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee86d29868d3f59cfb9ce1a8fa63314", "lessThan": "eacb8b195579c174a6d3e12a9690b206eb7f28cf", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee86d29868d3f59cfb9ce1a8fa63314", "lessThan": "81dd3c82a456b0015461754be7cb2693991421b4", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee86d29868d3f59cfb9ce1a8fa63314", "lessThan": "5af198c387128a9d2ddd620b0f0803564a4d4508", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee86d29868d3f59cfb9ce1a8fa63314", "lessThan": "b8af8e6118a6605f0e495a58d591ca94a85a50fc", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "a87cb3e48ee86d29868d3f59cfb9ce1a8fa63314", "lessThan": "92f1655aa2b2294d0b49925f3b875a634bd3b59e", "versionType": "git"}]Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.6"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "4.6", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "4.19.316", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "4.19.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.4.278", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.4.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.10.219", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.15.161", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.1.94", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.34", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.9.4", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.9.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.10", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix", "lessThanOrEqual": "*"}]product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447eLinked exactInspect raw assertion
cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
07b237a9-69a3-4a9c-9da0-4e06bd37ae73
product-0eda7a801761be4590f267cf319481c8c0aaa30546d99cc064edf77989ce05c9Linked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 1 · node/0 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- from including 4.20; through excluding 5.4.278
- Match ID
7fdbf235-da18-49a1-8690-6c7272fd0701
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 1 · node/0 · match 2
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- from including 5.5; through excluding 5.10.219
- Match ID
e9063af3-d593-43b7-810d-58b87f82f9f9
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 1 · node/0 · match 5
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- from including 6.2; through excluding 6.6.34
- Match ID
6bd9dcfd-0342-4039-b8ce-70f26db7173b
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 1 · node/0 · match 4
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- from including 5.16; through excluding 6.1.94
- Match ID
9d20de32-76f8-4e4c-a8df-5b53082d18e5
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 1 · node/0 · match 3
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- from including 5.11; through excluding 5.15.161
- Match ID
31130639-53fe-4726-8986-434ee2528cb2
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 1 · node/0 · match 6
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- from including 6.7; through excluding 6.9.4
- Match ID
991b9791-966a-4d18-9e8d-a8ab128e5627
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 1 · node/0 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- from including 4.6; through excluding 4.19.316
- Match ID
4a293d74-eb53-4bbf-86bd-0569a72a4192
Affected-product evidence
Accepted scope and product mapping
2 canonical links · 1 source-reported links
vendor-9c702362a97e8770255c53f324861f65f3209d35ce95f01842c69a458450f6fa · product-0eda7a801761be4590f267cf319481c8c0aaa30546d99cc064edf77989ce05c9
- Source class
- Nvd cpe vulnerable target
- Assertions
- 7
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
338334e2-abef-4c3e-b297-ea7da0ddc239559b796a-2861-4a58-a015-99a430aac6eb61ee56f8-c4c9-43e8-a8a0-607e7beda9bdaab653a0-9e7b-49ca-846e-3c7384aa18e6b0f9b60a-d84d-4fe2-bbdf-43c4d16648c1cdc33a25-7282-4e97-aa46-2cd8ddd9a9b6f84e0dd8-73f5-45c7-89d4-a91e9f49929bvendor-66ae8c5e06427f7450637d18322b0dc411c0b469d940341cf076a620d444fe3c · product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447e
- Source class
- Nvd cpe vulnerable target
- Assertions
- 1
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
5a593d22-d8b2-4813-b9c5-e0761edca1f6Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source
- Source class
- Direct cve affected
- Assertions
- 20
- Mapping revision
- cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
- Observed cutoff
- Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
09899295-9bbb-472b-8d53-6bad4f8632b1235f994f-fc44-48f4-b2f6-1454f047e378236b879c-5fec-4fc7-b611-35e13afd97ec2ad6fb9e-7e6c-4731-87bf-271d57a5fbf4513245b7-86d3-498b-844e-8f8fec446364547c65c8-3a77-4f16-a891-a51e888a07435b39d654-4538-47f1-9ec5-88b0ea80bcb67ac74743-ddc1-40f5-9565-93cd183879c380ba6e88-49ca-40f4-864f-9eda5a9068a3840816a4-3e11-4c35-b9cb-88dca538fb60889c9dcd-83ab-402f-95da-aa434dcfedb49ae6d8a0-9407-453f-b640-3b83f99090449cb9d1a5-b289-456d-9687-51a3cf70af3fa22615b8-394f-4075-8cc4-aa14ce47164bb115b746-5184-4171-960c-c73b189b93d1b2770c90-cdaa-4269-b107-788f2f013bbbb50a6de1-8c4e-4a48-b0a9-a3417e8c4df8c88a1af5-0f7c-4423-9af7-ef7de3554ae4caed59f0-d4fc-4ae9-be35-c05d15c27a31df017541-37a7-40c6-acb5-819a7483eb86Assessments
CVSS by origin
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HDirect CVE/CNA normalized decisions
Linux
CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H- Validation
- Valid match
- Recomputed
- 7.8
- Decision reason
- Evidence supported
- Policy
- casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
CISA-ADP
CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H- Validation
- Valid match
- Recomputed
- 7.8
- Decision reason
- Evidence supported
- Policy
- casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.
Evidence boundaries
- KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
- EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
- Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
- NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
- Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
- NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
- Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
- OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
- Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
- Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.