CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2024-4577

Argument Injection in PHP-CGI

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jun 12, 2024). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 100.0% exploit likelihood as of Jul 26, 2026.

88.7–91.9Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

In PHP versions 8.1.* before 8.1.29, 8.2.* before 8.2.20, 8.3.* before 8.3.8, when using Apache and PHP-CGI on Windows, if the system is set up to use certain code pages, Windows may use "Best-Fit" behavior to replace characters in command line given to Win32 API functions. PHP CGI module may misinterpret those characters as PHP options, which may allow a malicious user to pass options to PHP binary being run, and thus reveal the source code of scripts, run arbitrary PHP code on the server, etc.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jun 9, 2024
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
93%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    php

    Record text: Argument Injection in PHP-CGI

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Argument Injection in PHP-CGI
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: PHP-CGI OS Command Injection Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    PHP-CGI OS Command Injection Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 99.99% probability · 99.98th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.999870000000; percentile 0.999840000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jun 12, 2024 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood99.99%

FIRST EPSS · score date Jul 26, 2026 · 100th percentile · first observed Jul 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
phpOriginal assertion
Record text

Argument Injection in PHP-CGI

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Argument Injection in PHP-CGI
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

PHP-CGI OS Command Injection Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
PHP-CGI OS Command Injection Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

99.99% probability · 99.98th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.999870000000; percentile 0.999840000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
6Underlying assertions
3Canonical products
5Target assertions
1Constraint assertions

Grouped from 3 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

7 scope groups

CISA-ADP · source assertedphp_groupphpDirect source scope
Affected: 8.1.0 to before 8.1.29 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "8.1.0", "lessThan": "8.1.29", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedphp_groupphpDirect source scope
Affected: 8.2.0 to before 8.2.20 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "8.2.0", "lessThan": "8.2.20", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedphp_groupphpDirect source scope
Affected: 8.3.0 to before 8.3.8 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "8.3.0", "lessThan": "8.3.8", "versionType": "custom"}]
php · source assertedPHP GroupPHPDirect source scope
Affected: 8.1.* to before 8.1.29 (semver comparison)Affected: 8.2.* to before 8.2.20 (semver comparison)Affected: 8.3.* to before 8.3.8 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "8.1.*", "lessThan": "8.1.29", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "8.2.*", "lessThan": "8.2.20", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "8.3.*", "lessThan": "8.3.8", "versionType": "semver"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMfedoraprojectfedoraVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version 39; Version 40Canonical identity product-c96c7662a6606ed7594747da3d7ba9ee3a9758ab11658f6a3f42616361472e47Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:40:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ca277a6c-83ec-4536-9125-97b84c4faf59
  2. cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:39:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b8edb836-4e6a-4b71-b9b2-aa3e03e0f646
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMmicrosoftwindowsEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-6a798dc931affc038ba266631a506d54b455ffebd96b4fae68f77b6bd7aef178Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a2572d17-1de6-457b-99cc-64afd54487ea
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONphpphpVulnerable target · 3 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 8.1.0, < 8.1.29); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 8.2.0, < 8.2.20); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 8.3.0, < 8.3.8)Canonical identity product-e6438e3fdd6f4fab833b9e95f3122542080fe89ddf2636dd7eb83d66f8118f15Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:php:php:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 8.3.0; through excluding 8.3.8
    Match ID
    f579ffc1-4f81-4755-b14b-3aa73ac9ff7a
  2. cpe:2.3:a:php:php:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 8.1.0; through excluding 8.1.29
    Match ID
    7dc2eef8-834b-42a1-8da3-0c2cf22a7070
  3. cpe:2.3:a:php:php:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 8.2.0; through excluding 8.2.20
    Match ID
    a39988ff-d854-4277-9d66-6911af371dd3

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

2 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-2d566b06907460b10e6e48c8544126e19f1d6df137983056edae8d0b51e34e45 · product-c96c7662a6606ed7594747da3d7ba9ee3a9758ab11658f6a3f42616361472e47

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
17c026c9-7f46-4cd1-902b-47d379091c744777bd8a-63a1-4f12-b1c9-25af485ad999
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-1b299fa4275f757dd43e86a66c279822d72332da344f4534dae151dcbb50c610 · product-e6438e3fdd6f4fab833b9e95f3122542080fe89ddf2636dd7eb83d66f8118f15

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
30367081-a572-43e1-8250-c3905d850e89b5af8803-3952-4a5d-8c97-e62658e1f1a2d113e75d-010c-4912-85f7-9796b549a1bb
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
841b580c-4d1f-420e-82b5-1ceadbae4a7ba21cf261-1dbe-4587-a12c-7b73ad369472c9023f07-34d9-4585-9893-9d4d9c491ea8e17946ea-3ecc-4b63-bb52-e4ead5daec19

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
security@php.netCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
phpCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.8Priority eligible

php

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.