CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2024-4610

Mali GPU Kernel Driver allows improper GPU memory processing operations

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jun 12, 2024). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 7.8. EPSS estimates 0.8% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

63.8–68.4Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

Use After Free vulnerability in Arm Ltd Bifrost GPU Kernel Driver, Arm Ltd Valhall GPU Kernel Driver allows a local non-privileged user to make improper GPU memory processing operations to gain access to already freed memory.This issue affects Bifrost GPU Kernel Driver: from r34p0 through r40p0; Valhall GPU Kernel Driver: from r34p0 through r40p0.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jun 7, 2024
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
90%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    Arm

    Record text: Mali GPU Kernel Driver allows improper GPU memory processing operations

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Mali GPU Kernel Driver allows improper GPU memory processing operations
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

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    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver Use-After-Free Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver Use-After-Free Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 0.76% probability · 52.57th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.007580000000; percentile 0.525740000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jun 12, 2024 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood0.76%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 52.6th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 7.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

ArmOriginal assertion
Record text

Mali GPU Kernel Driver allows improper GPU memory processing operations

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Mali GPU Kernel Driver allows improper GPU memory processing operations
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

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Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Arm Mali GPU Kernel Driver Use-After-Free Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

0.76% probability · 52.57th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.007580000000; percentile 0.525740000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
2Underlying assertions
2Canonical products
2Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

6 scope groups

CISA-ADP · source assertedarmbifrost_gpu_kernel_driverDirect source scope
Affected: r34p0 through r40p0 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "r34p0", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "r40p0"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedarmvalhall_gpu_kernel_driverDirect source scope
Affected: r34p0 through r40p0 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "r34p0", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "r40p0"}]
Arm · source assertedArm LtdBifrost GPU Kernel DriverDirect source scope
Affected: r34p0 through r40p0 (patch comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "r34p0", "versionType": "patch", "lessThanOrEqual": "r40p0"}]
Arm · source assertedArm LtdValhall GPU Kernel DriverDirect source scope
Affected: r34p0 through r40p0 (patch comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "r34p0", "versionType": "patch", "lessThanOrEqual": "r40p0"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONarmbifrost_gpu_kernel_driverVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= r34p0, < r41p0)Canonical identity product-c63fa75a9e27e1bee83e7604c11191e006298c73db47bfbbaed00a84325fa08cLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:arm:bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including r34p0; through excluding r41p0
    Match ID
    d6f180ef-c1e2-4589-97f4-03c7e2fa99df
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONarmvalhall_gpu_kernel_driverVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= r34p0, < r41p0)Canonical identity product-120d84144cb42acc8250575334ad30852731907e7447e24ff638755e7a0710f7Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:arm:valhall_gpu_kernel_driver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including r34p0; through excluding r41p0
    Match ID
    6e75a7c6-352f-45d8-8e34-e64b39d173da

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

2 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-bff30a686dc6ea9189a7118a970d1059f93afc9c5381a3185721afbe29022cdd · product-120d84144cb42acc8250575334ad30852731907e7447e24ff638755e7a0710f7

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
c5f836d2-5d10-45d0-b7f6-e7932c742d47
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-bff30a686dc6ea9189a7118a970d1059f93afc9c5381a3185721afbe29022cdd · product-c63fa75a9e27e1bee83e7604c11191e006298c73db47bfbbaed00a84325fa08c

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
b7fd1cbd-1ce2-4521-af5d-bcd534d2e89c
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
732ebcfc-24b5-4530-bc46-69dd59ae29cacb196ea2-a78a-4748-ab62-eeba4a80ccc5d49e6be4-095c-4231-8237-5e5454f22c65faf34063-ec64-443d-bb49-032097e090fe

Assessments

CVSS by origin

7.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.4
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.4
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.4Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
7.4
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.