CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-0282

A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.5, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.2, and Ivanti Neurons for ZTA gateways before version…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jan 8, 2025). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.0. EPSS estimates 100.0% exploit likelihood as of Oct 16, 2026.

82.5–92.8Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.5, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.2, and Ivanti Neurons for ZTA gateways before version 22.7R2.3 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jan 8, 2025
Updated
Oct 1, 2026
Evidence coverage
85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Ivanti Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Ivanti Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    ivanti

    Record text: A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.5, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.2, and Ivanti Neurons for ZTA gateways before version 22.7R2.3 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.5, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.2, and Ivanti Neurons for ZTA gateways before version 22.7R2.3 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 99.98% probability · 99.98th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.999810000000; percentile 0.999820000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jan 8, 2025 · first observed Sep 1, 2026

Exploit likelihood99.98%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 16, 2026 · 100th percentile · first observed Oct 16, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.0

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Oct 2, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Ivanti Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Ivanti Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
ivantiOriginal assertion
Record text

A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.5, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.2, and Ivanti Neurons for ZTA gateways before version 22.7R2.3 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.5, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.2, and Ivanti Neurons for ZTA gateways before version 22.7R2.3 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

99.98% probability · 99.98th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.999810000000; percentile 0.999820000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
11Underlying assertions
3Canonical products
11Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

6 scope groups

ivanti · source assertedIvantiConnect SecureDirect source scope
Affected: 22.7R2 through 22.7R2.4 (custom comparison)Unaffected: 22.7R2.5 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "22.7R2", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "22.7R2.4"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "22.7R2.5", "versionType": "custom"}]
ivanti · source assertedIvantiNeurons for ZTA gatewaysDirect source scope
Affected: 22.7R2 through 22.7R2.3 (custom comparison)Unaffected: 22.7R2.5 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "22.7R2", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "22.7R2.3"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "22.7R2.5", "versionType": "custom"}]
ivanti · source assertedIvantiPolicy SecureDirect source scope
Affected: 22.7R1 through 22.7R1.2 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "22.7R1", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "22.7R1.2"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONivanticonnect_secureVulnerable target · 5 assertions
Version 22.7Canonical identity product-0675def37879dcf14a27022586db7f5234f5d2c3f293e3a70a47a5da19da3b1bLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    247e71f8-a03b-4097-b7bf-09f8bf3ed4d6
  2. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a08baf98-7f05-4596-8bfc-91f1a79d3bd1
  3. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    3447428e-dbcd-4553-b51d-ac08ecafd881
  4. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fc523c88-115e-4cd9-a8cb-ae6e6610f7d4
  5. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    e0059c69-4a18-4153-9d9a-5c1b03ad1453
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONivantineurons_for_zero-trust_accessVulnerable target · 3 assertions
Version 22.7Canonical identity product-e90f3997d7cc4df6275e905ffcd39c4194e810e779fb51d8b68d7e4b8a3bf923Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:neurons_for_zero-trust_access:22.7:r2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    67d43d1d-564d-4acd-b0ff-3828b95e9864
  2. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:neurons_for_zero-trust_access:22.7:r2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    bc8480e0-17c0-4590-950f-d3954e735365
  3. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:neurons_for_zero-trust_access:22.7:r2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    3faf4fb0-a88c-4a87-b6cb-32ef7b415885
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONivantipolicy_secureVulnerable target · 3 assertions
Version 22.7Canonical identity product-66735516e7e23282d6cbb1b21ef896b9b737013272849d8db9227bbeb2d5728aLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:policy_secure:22.7:r1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c8915bb2-c1c0-4189-a847-ddb2ef161d62
  2. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:policy_secure:22.7:r1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8d24a8db-d697-4c60-935d-b08ee36861cb
  3. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:policy_secure:22.7:r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fd9be8c2-43eb-4870-a4b7-267cb17a19f1

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
3c3b1b18-1d59-4dcf-b391-3137d5b449904e1f1dad-0526-4979-a340-2d1e3a2beb1a7018f912-5b89-470f-b221-258c0d0e11e7
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
11
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
00b874ec-a4a4-4f60-81fb-2d9f43d3eb2b03ce0cd3-29f1-4be8-aca7-398f553eacd80abf3825-de77-45dd-add1-9678fba33ad50f1095b8-dc63-4cbb-b58b-044c69ab1a5818e49288-a822-4669-9c77-e863cc72be044a59caf9-fddd-4880-8247-08ad437468254b7ad019-6efc-497f-aeb7-54b332fd79325d59c1f1-d2e2-45be-8a58-68e6a6c294ba8aa8b665-2cae-42db-ac8b-8378e9dbc8d1d288745d-8ff9-4b5b-9a82-a77e46b12937f7ee9571-f355-43f3-9e29-ab01a6863f05

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.0
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.0
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.0
ivantiCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.0Priority eligible

ivanti

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.0
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.