CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-0411

7-Zip Mark-of-the-Web Bypass Vulnerability

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Feb 6, 2025). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 7.0. EPSS estimates 67.1% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

78.1–79.2Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

7-Zip Mark-of-the-Web Bypass Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to bypass the Mark-of-the-Web protection mechanism on affected installations of 7-Zip. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the handling of archived files. When extracting files from a crafted archive that bears the Mark-of-the-Web, 7-Zip does not propagate the Mark-of-the-Web to the extracted files. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current user. Was ZDI-CAN-25456.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jan 25, 2025
Updated
Feb 26, 2026
Evidence coverage
95%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    zdi

    Record text: 7-Zip Mark-of-the-Web Bypass Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    7-Zip Mark-of-the-Web Bypass Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: 7-Zip Mark of the Web Bypass Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    7-Zip Mark of the Web Bypass Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 67.07% probability · 99.24th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.670710000000; percentile 0.992410000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Feb 6, 2025 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood67.07%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 99.2th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 7.0

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
zdiOriginal assertion
Record text

7-Zip Mark-of-the-Web Bypass Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
7-Zip Mark-of-the-Web Bypass Vulnerability
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

7-Zip Mark of the Web Bypass Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
7-Zip Mark of the Web Bypass Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

67.07% probability · 99.24th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.670710000000; percentile 0.992410000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
2Underlying assertions
2Canonical products
2Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 2 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

3 scope groups

zdi · source asserted7-Zip7-ZipDirect source scope
Affected: 24.08 (x64)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "24.08 (x64)"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATION7-zip7-zipVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 24.09)Canonical identity product-458e273a5000af071ce6a07145babe8433a83ef508b02cf36f0b6e384eacb456Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:7-zip:7-zip:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 24.09
    Match ID
    aaff445c-96f1-4328-a34e-a8c392b34bf3
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONnetappactive_iq_unified_managerVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-7622e4e001e04d07e68c37d95f4e8879bc2e631632b5d522e6504407a3f05f79Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:netapp:active_iq_unified_manager:-:*:*:*:*:windows:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b55e8d50-99b4-47ec-86f9-699b67d473ce

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

2 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-32237ae30ece9cf751e8aa0e29a803f42627f65bdb9961497a151eb7a652eebe · product-458e273a5000af071ce6a07145babe8433a83ef508b02cf36f0b6e384eacb456

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
b3023be1-bf57-4c32-9414-c006a63dafcf
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d1dcf2e2192106a1eb34744930a80b83005fa5d60195c923256e69ac39974aed · product-7622e4e001e04d07e68c37d95f4e8879bc2e631632b5d522e6504407a3f05f79

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
e88f2a32-6b9d-4482-86a4-8d8abcf43524
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
96d23d58-3fc4-47af-b34b-61f114790db8

Assessments

CVSS by origin

7.0
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.0
zdi-disclosures@trendmicro.comCVSS 3.0 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.0
zdiCVSS 3.0 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.0Priority eligible

zdi

CVSS 3.0 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
7.0
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.