CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-22457

A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.6, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.4, and Ivanti ZTA Gateways before version 22.8R2.2…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Apr 4, 2025). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 100.0% exploit likelihood as of Aug 4, 2026.

82.5–96.6Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.6, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.4, and Ivanti ZTA Gateways before version 22.8R2.2 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Apr 3, 2025
Updated
Aug 4, 2026
Evidence coverage
85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Ivanti Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Ivanti Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    ivanti

    Record text: A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.6, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.4, and Ivanti ZTA Gateways before version 22.8R2.2 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.6, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.4, and Ivanti ZTA Gateways before version 22.8R2.2 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 99.99% probability · 99.99th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.999900000000; percentile 0.999850000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Apr 4, 2025 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood99.99%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 4, 2026 · 100th percentile · first observed Aug 4, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Aug 4, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Ivanti Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Ivanti Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
ivantiOriginal assertion
Record text

A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.6, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.4, and Ivanti ZTA Gateways before version 22.8R2.2 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.6, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.4, and Ivanti ZTA Gateways before version 22.8R2.2 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

99.99% probability · 99.99th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.999900000000; percentile 0.999850000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
23Underlying assertions
3Canonical products
23Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

6 scope groups

ivanti · source assertedIvantiConnect SecureDirect source scope
Unaffected: 22.7R2.6 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "22.7R2.6", "versionType": "custom"}]
ivanti · source assertedIvantiNeurons for ZTA gatewaysDirect source scope
Unaffected: 22.8R2.2 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "22.8R2.2", "versionType": "custom"}]
ivanti · source assertedIvantiPolicy SecureDirect source scope
Unaffected: 22.7R1.4 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "22.7R1.4", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONivanticonnect_secureVulnerable target · 14 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 22.7); Version 22.7Canonical identity product-0675def37879dcf14a27022586db7f5234f5d2c3f293e3a70a47a5da19da3b1bLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    1399bbb4-e62b-4ff6-b9e3-6aac68d4d583
  2. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r1.5:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    39e11407-e0c0-454f-b731-7da4cbc696eb
  3. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fc523c88-115e-4cd9-a8cb-ae6e6610f7d4
  4. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2927a40d-e8a3-4db6-9c93-04a6c6035c3d
  5. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 12
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a08baf98-7f05-4596-8bfc-91f1a79d3bd1
  6. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 11
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    3447428e-dbcd-4553-b51d-ac08ecafd881
  7. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    e0059c69-4a18-4153-9d9a-5c1b03ad1453
  8. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    1ead1423-4477-4c35-bf93-697a2c0697c6
  9. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:*:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 22.7
    Match ID
    a0ec2fcd-5402-4269-b86a-18f8dfb8f2c9
  10. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    858353bc-12cb-4014-bfca-da7b1b3dd4b9
  11. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    247e71f8-a03b-4097-b7bf-09f8bf3ed4d6
  12. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r1.4:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    865f72bf-57b2-4b0c-bace-3500e0ae6751
  13. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:r2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 13
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    40717d97-a062-49c4-b105-c22aac3a206a
  14. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:connect_secure:22.7:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    f788f6d9-5368-4b8e-bfa0-e8fb3cdadb01
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONivantipolicy_secureVulnerable target · 6 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 22.7); Version 22.7Canonical identity product-66735516e7e23282d6cbb1b21ef896b9b737013272849d8db9227bbeb2d5728aLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:policy_secure:22.7:r1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 18
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    8d24a8db-d697-4c60-935d-b08ee36861cb
  2. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:policy_secure:*:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 14
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 22.7
    Match ID
    48efa63b-1322-45b0-b86d-87f24a2b4e8a
  3. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:policy_secure:22.7:r1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 16
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fd9be8c2-43eb-4870-a4b7-267cb17a19f1
  4. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:policy_secure:22.7:r1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 17
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c8915bb2-c1c0-4189-a847-ddb2ef161d62
  5. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:policy_secure:22.7:r1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 19
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    4c12d325-77e1-4873-8a77-d76f4a73bcf8
  6. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:policy_secure:22.7:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 15
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    1f22b988-2585-4853-9838-ab3746c8b888
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONivantizero_trust_access_gatewayVulnerable target · 3 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 22.8); Version 22.8Canonical identity product-8be77eb4e4267d027a0c50f66c3e407fddff9742c3583784a9227911ae859012Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:zero_trust_access_gateway:22.8:r2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 22
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    9caa280f-d6c6-441d-973d-0da2de1ab320
  2. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:zero_trust_access_gateway:22.8:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 21
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a6b98c14-b9b8-4e0f-9494-099fcc6df6b6
  3. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:zero_trust_access_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 20
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 22.8
    Match ID
    b2e32e9d-45b1-4007-a385-799230abdf09

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
4dfb4ec4-5eb1-43cd-b4fe-fb117abcf416da54698f-dca4-44b9-bc58-a9821353ef55e59f81cd-72c2-4725-a508-d216067119e9
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
23
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
021240eb-1fe1-42bd-aec5-8fdd74ea83761a29c153-a776-4e65-911a-c4ef575fb45b1e6358b7-58aa-4e82-a606-d8df62d18126283c6b57-6a63-409f-9ed8-379b1d229e9535c7cc1f-7a35-480a-afcf-7931cdd01aab41c1e61f-9e99-41bd-acd8-fcbdec145f5645b33fbb-8fdf-43cb-9335-e529cbc506c95bd0bff9-85b3-4438-bd38-9ea4bb8a9b3a62f218eb-1324-43d1-814f-a3e5b4d7750e738f1371-2917-49ec-b9c6-63c66426b9657cd0724d-12f0-4e1f-9d9e-de2873179f7f84d2728b-e1de-4cba-ad40-60a0e2028407991ca5ab-76e9-45ce-9654-6908a92a49adadc08940-f600-4044-9fea-977af973c19db7232df4-a231-489d-8f33-bc39acd0d270b735203e-ba0b-4476-8bb6-1e5981abce2abb2d2226-6cb7-4e66-9fc7-1c30805ad8a5ed366c1b-f72e-4c6f-8060-ddec56b7f994ef42c8db-ed0e-4c95-9485-7a6494a6bc55f4b19699-e97d-445d-9802-73664a7ea14cf783e87d-bdef-4262-8deb-82460f6a09cbf87908be-6d8a-4700-a53c-4f428bcb35bff8bd5ae1-94c6-4dcb-990d-bb424d32917f

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.0
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.0
ivantiCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.0Priority eligible

ivanti

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.0
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.