CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-24016

Remote code execution in Wazuh server

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jun 10, 2025). GitHub_M reports CVSS 3.1 9.9. EPSS estimates 93.8% exploit likelihood as of Aug 9, 2026.

86.8–88.3Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

Wazuh is a free and open source platform used for threat prevention, detection, and response. Starting in version 4.4.0 and prior to version 4.9.1, an unsafe deserialization vulnerability allows for remote code execution on Wazuh servers. DistributedAPI parameters are a serialized as JSON and deserialized using `as_wazuh_object` (in `framework/wazuh/core/cluster/common.py`). If an attacker manages to inject an unsanitized dictionary in DAPI request/response, they can forge an unhandled exception (`__unhandled_exc__`) to evaluate arbitrary python code. The vulnerability can be triggered by anybody with API access (compromised dashboard or Wazuh servers in the cluster) or, in certain configurations, even by a compromised agent. Version 4.9.1 contains a fix.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Feb 10, 2025
Updated
Feb 26, 2026
Evidence coverage
92%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    GitHub_M

    Record text: Remote code execution in Wazuh server

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Remote code execution in Wazuh server
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Wazuh Server Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Wazuh Server Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 93.84% probability · 99.83th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.938400000000; percentile 0.998340000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jun 10, 2025 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood93.84%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 9, 2026 · 99.8th percentile · first observed Aug 9, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.9

GitHub_M · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
GitHub_MOriginal assertion
Record text

Remote code execution in Wazuh server

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Remote code execution in Wazuh server
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Wazuh Server Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Wazuh Server Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

93.84% probability · 99.83th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.938400000000; percentile 0.998340000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
1Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
1Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

2 scope groups

GitHub_M · source assertedwazuhwazuhDirect source scope
Affected: >= 4.4.0, < 4.9.1
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": ">= 4.4.0, < 4.9.1"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONwazuhwazuhVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 4.4.0, < 4.9.1)Canonical identity product-005d2ac491efc75e60e9067bb28cec8d33cf67e572d9eb13cc27cabd7c42c0baLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:wazuh:wazuh:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 4.4.0; through excluding 4.9.1
    Match ID
    eb8004ab-265e-4432-ac10-8361dcfc1f56

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

1 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-bd1426bad3199157218ab9107b139e6a42b0e8e60d7624dbcd1d4b91cda86f1f · product-005d2ac491efc75e60e9067bb28cec8d33cf67e572d9eb13cc27cabd7c42c0ba

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
db706719-8adc-4cf1-a48c-c78328090101
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
82b2969f-4505-46c2-abcc-36d6a9c80ef8

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.9
security-advisories@github.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H
9.9
GitHub_MCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.9Priority eligible

GitHub_M

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.9
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.