Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-24993

Windows NTFS Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 11, 2025). microsoft reports CVSS 3.1 7.8. EPSS estimates 2.2% exploit likelihood as of Oct 22, 2026.

62.5–76.1Priority evidence range

Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

Heap-based buffer overflow in Windows NTFS allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.

State: PUBLISHED
Published: Mar 11, 2025
Updated: Feb 26, 2026
Evidence coverage: 85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →

Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAJul 19, 2026
CISA-ADP
Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Original evidence ↗
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAJul 19, 2026
microsoft
Record text: Windows NTFS Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Windows NTFS Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Original evidence ↗
Source dateSep 1, 2026First observed by CASCASep 1, 2026
CISA KEV
Exploitation cataloged: Microsoft Windows NTFS Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Microsoft Windows NTFS Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Original evidence ↗
Source dateOct 22, 2026First observed by CASCAOct 22, 2026
FIRST EPSS
EPSS score: 2.22% probability · 82.5th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.022160000000; percentile 0.825000000000
Original evidence ↗

ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 11, 2025 · first observed Sep 1, 2026

Exploit likelihood2.22%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 22, 2026 · 82.5th percentile · first observed Oct 22, 2026

SeverityCVSS 7.8

microsoft · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1

Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision: evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff: Oct 22, 2026
Resolution: Review source contract

Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision: evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff: Oct 22, 2026
Resolution: None

Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision: casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff: Oct 22, 2026
Resolution: None

Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision: casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff: Oct 22, 2026
Resolution: Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment

Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion

Field: container
Value: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAJul 19, 2026Original evidence ↗

microsoftOriginal assertion

Record text

Windows NTFS Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion

Field: container
Value: Windows NTFS Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAJul 19, 2026Original evidence ↗

CISA KEVOriginal assertion

Exploitation cataloged

Microsoft Windows NTFS Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion

Field: observed_exploitation
Value: Microsoft Windows NTFS Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Source dateSep 1, 2026First observed by CASCASep 1, 2026Original evidence ↗

FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion

EPSS score

2.22% probability · 82.5th percentile

Inspect raw assertion

Field: model_probability
Value: Probability 0.022160000000; percentile 0.825000000000

Source dateOct 22, 2026First observed by CASCAOct 22, 2026Original evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →

28Underlying assertions

15Canonical products

28Target assertions

0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries

Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

Search scopeRoleOfficial link state

40 scope groups

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 10 Version 1507Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.10240.0 to before 10.0.10240.20947 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.10240.0", "lessThan": "10.0.10240.20947", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 10 Version 1607Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.14393.0 to before 10.0.14393.7876 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.14393.0", "lessThan": "10.0.14393.7876", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 10 Version 1809Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.17763.0 to before 10.0.17763.7009 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.17763.0", "lessThan": "10.0.17763.7009", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 10 Version 21H2Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.19044.0 to before 10.0.19044.5608 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.19044.0", "lessThan": "10.0.19044.5608", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 10 Version 22H2Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.19045.0 to before 10.0.19045.5608 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.19045.0", "lessThan": "10.0.19045.5608", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 11 version 22H2Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.22621.0 to before 10.0.22621.5039 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.22621.0", "lessThan": "10.0.22621.5039", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 11 version 22H3Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.22631.0 to before 10.0.22631.5039 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.22631.0", "lessThan": "10.0.22631.5039", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 11 Version 23H2Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.22631.0 to before 10.0.22631.5039 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.22631.0", "lessThan": "10.0.22631.5039", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows 11 Version 24H2Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.26100.0 to before 10.0.26100.3476 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.26100.0", "lessThan": "10.0.26100.3476", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1Direct source scope

Affected: 6.1.7601.0 to before 6.1.7601.27618 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "6.1.7601.0", "lessThan": "6.1.7601.27618", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation)Direct source scope

Affected: 6.1.7601.0 to before 6.1.7601.27618 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "6.1.7601.0", "lessThan": "6.1.7601.27618", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2008 Service Pack 2Direct source scope

Affected: 6.0.6003.0 to before 6.0.6003.23168 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "6.0.6003.0", "lessThan": "6.0.6003.23168", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation)Direct source scope

Affected: 6.0.6003.0 to before 6.0.6003.23168 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "6.0.6003.0", "lessThan": "6.0.6003.23168", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2012Direct source scope

Affected: 6.2.9200.0 to before 6.2.9200.25368 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "6.2.9200.0", "lessThan": "6.2.9200.25368", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2012 R2Direct source scope

Affected: 6.3.9600.0 to before 6.3.9600.22470 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "6.3.9600.0", "lessThan": "6.3.9600.22470", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation)Direct source scope

Affected: 6.3.9600.0 to before 6.3.9600.22470 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "6.3.9600.0", "lessThan": "6.3.9600.22470", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2012 (Server Core installation)Direct source scope

Affected: 6.2.9200.0 to before 6.2.9200.25368 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "6.2.9200.0", "lessThan": "6.2.9200.25368", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2016Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.14393.0 to before 10.0.14393.7876 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.14393.0", "lessThan": "10.0.14393.7876", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2016 (Server Core installation)Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.14393.0 to before 10.0.14393.7876 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.14393.0", "lessThan": "10.0.14393.7876", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2019Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.17763.0 to before 10.0.17763.7009 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.17763.0", "lessThan": "10.0.17763.7009", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2019 (Server Core installation)Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.17763.0 to before 10.0.17763.7009 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.17763.0", "lessThan": "10.0.17763.7009", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2022Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.20348.0 to before 10.0.20348.3328 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.20348.0", "lessThan": "10.0.20348.3328", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation)Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.25398.0 to before 10.0.25398.1486 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.25398.0", "lessThan": "10.0.25398.1486", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2025Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.26100.0 to before 10.0.26100.3476 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.26100.0", "lessThan": "10.0.26100.3476", "versionType": "custom"}]

microsoft · source assertedMicrosoftWindows Server 2025 (Server Core installation)Direct source scope

Affected: 10.0.26100.0 to before 10.0.26100.3476 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.26100.0", "lessThan": "10.0.26100.3476", "versionType": "custom"}]

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class: Direct cve affected
Assertions: 25
Mapping revision: cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff: Oct 22, 2026

Retained assertion IDs

034bd36f-db97-480c-8315-1a4f85a40b0f03ee47e7-2242-442e-9b0d-c566c7bf46ce04c5ba68-891b-4292-b969-2c6b15f47e390621d152-c972-4281-998f-68bb77eb44520dd4ca75-4be0-47d5-b34e-d1c358880c4f1011b93d-9c31-487e-86ee-d59509826e501bf35655-6aa0-455e-a705-a8a7c295ccfd265bd8c2-f153-47c7-93ed-d49717976c7f2a6df6dd-c02f-4006-a730-8972fd20828f2ccddcf9-cc63-4561-b3b1-7c8a8eb306a850502fb0-ad7e-4ed1-8aaf-151c7bc769b053f282e7-1894-4399-ab52-d0347112202555087fa4-8e3e-4d9d-8227-de0f3b8fb0985df77740-2296-4193-bdfe-906cf9b1d96c7afc8d41-1e07-4535-83f8-3c57e19e817392556390-6b03-42df-8bc5-fd4525144709a77f5b6c-2792-4e72-a95a-b9749e99a9d0b546b612-868e-48d2-858f-ca1f67bd655eb6ca80ab-5450-4c38-ba17-df714a1c65f8b8a7ef51-6842-4dd7-9bc4-79956d9a9374dbcf0e4d-0f3f-469e-8eba-8482633847c6dcc46afe-66e6-414e-afa1-0e3e64c7f7aceb8596d7-95e8-4d06-aac4-ada57e20ab72ef8d0f2c-b2c7-414a-acfe-ff4d8b8b4e32ffcccd1d-7931-4f01-a794-b205c439f598

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class: Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions: 28
Mapping revision: cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff: Oct 22, 2026

Retained assertion IDs

0f210042-d5b7-474d-80e0-2044c731887617fc23cf-ca25-4877-967f-f936dfcbb55b19909df1-0854-49b6-98ec-b6a949e1bf6e1ef65c95-4119-4860-abb3-93fc6af1fa5421af4cbe-75c7-43ef-b3ed-27ce6a0600ee27397b95-dbb1-4936-994e-c0719897b1a2333716d6-6e67-498b-aa5e-c49708dc4bf836f4a824-58bb-4b92-b7bc-2745ae1a91e947f1047b-eaa4-439d-a042-36c7c1bb84527278883d-5413-43f7-911b-5afca5c60db67b36970a-c7d3-44b1-b557-d5ef3fab0ee683af1df5-7228-4563-b4f1-fc8afc6acef185810dc7-e44f-49e4-b4a5-c24f364bf06297aa874a-8dc8-4dd3-ae65-64f02a3e163097e622bd-17b3-498f-b915-f486c34b73d59dfa82b6-6c5d-44c8-b7e5-eeacf969b1eca44e1282-2e73-457c-9ce3-c151d427b888a8b42038-abd3-4d89-9170-50835430343bad022352-a472-48ba-ba18-913248e5a606b265d7c4-2356-4143-9918-f5d619130f04be166a8a-f56b-4fbd-bb50-dddd4a3e67cabe500b6d-c6d0-40aa-8bdc-7af3498f027ac934532a-3125-4957-be5f-d170a6ad7113d540d44c-5c08-43be-8733-c95ee306ea8ad60a9152-0038-4ca2-b0db-5d602d28a801ed5d68de-861f-4f99-8e0e-80cc57f3a9e1fc3eb307-b1d7-470f-9d2e-c8039e5cd2b4fe2dae64-6fbc-4b51-bcbf-d07328ea76dd

Assessments

CVSS by origin

7.8

secure@microsoft.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

7.8

microsoftCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:F/RL:O/RC:C

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.8Priority eligible

microsoft

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:F/RL:O/RC:C

Validation: Valid match
Recomputed: 7.8
Decision reason: Evidence supported
Policy: casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.