CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-25249

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17,…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Sep 9, 2026). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. Severity assessments differ within at least one CVSS version. EPSS estimates 3.8% exploit likelihood as of Oct 22, 2026.

64.1–78.2Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiOS 6.4 all versions, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jan 13, 2026
Updated
Oct 15, 2026
Evidence coverage
72%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Fortinet Multiple Products Heap-based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Fortinet Multiple Products Heap-based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    fortinet

    Record text: A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiOS 6.4 all versions, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiOS 6.4 all versions, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    siemens-SADP

    Record text: Container present

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Container present
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 3.8% probability · 89.96th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.038020000000; percentile 0.899630000000
    Original evidence ↗

Assessments differ

NVD9.8CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted
psirt@fortinet.com8.1CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted

Values are shown separately by source and CVSS version.

ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Sep 9, 2026 · first observed Sep 9, 2026

Exploit likelihood3.80%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 22, 2026 · 90th percentile · first observed Oct 22, 2026

SeverityAssessments differ

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Oct 8, 2026 · values shown separately below

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentAssessments differ

Eligible assertions materially conflict and remain visible side by side.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve conflict
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Fortinet Multiple Products Heap-based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Fortinet Multiple Products Heap-based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
fortinetOriginal assertion
Record text

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiOS 6.4 all versions, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiOS 6.4 all versions, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
siemens-SADPSource-declared origin
Record text

Container present

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Container present
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

3.8% probability · 89.96th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.038020000000; percentile 0.899630000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
9Underlying assertions
3Canonical products
9Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 3 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

6 scope groups

fortinet · source assertedFortinetFortiOSDirect source scope
Affected: 7.6.0 through 7.6.2 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.4.0 through 7.4.7 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.2.4 through 7.2.11 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.6.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.6.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.4.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.4.7"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.4", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.11"}]
fortinet · source assertedFortinetFortiSwitchManagerDirect source scope
Affected: 7.2.2 through 7.2.5 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.2", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.5"}]
siemens-SADP · source assertedSiemensRUGGEDCOM APE1808Direct source scope
Affected: 0 to before * (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMfortinetfortiosVulnerable target · 5 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.4.0, < 6.4.17); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.0.0, < 7.0.18); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.2.0, < 7.2.12); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.4.0, < 7.4.9); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.6.0, < 7.6.4)Canonical identity product-d06140244cc5e972beb67f7de823109a7332f0ff670c2c5c21938de936e3f496Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.0.0; through excluding 7.0.18
    Match ID
    bceb8b8a-797c-4e5e-bcdb-a54eb83ad8a2
  2. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.4.0; through excluding 7.4.9
    Match ID
    2093efe3-4b7f-4806-9850-c42b26bc64ac
  3. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.4.0; through excluding 6.4.17
    Match ID
    129406c1-a2fa-4289-8009-8aeefef14aac
  4. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.6.0; through excluding 7.6.4
    Match ID
    c1c30e0d-7f09-42d2-9eb1-e2196bd50d75
  5. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.2.0; through excluding 7.2.12
    Match ID
    e8faaa2e-7a53-4f6b-a9c7-1e2b4cb5f7eb
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONfortinetfortisaseVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Version 25.1.39; Version 25.1.51Canonical identity product-21450fe2769636defc2db8ffa960c2a8a9f5e20957091d42cbd1b93405d34058Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisase:25.1.51:*:*:*:-:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    12a8ee3f-eeaf-460d-b2db-551509df0814
  2. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisase:25.1.39:*:*:*:-:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    77b84900-e96d-4e2c-8797-b1460e71874e
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONfortinetfortiswitchmanagerVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.0.0, < 7.0.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.2.0, < 7.2.7)Canonical identity product-d94c2795e79ee4ec14054a6a2ba6e8fcc166a8cc8354f9abfa929f0b316ee2e2Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiswitchmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.2.0; through excluding 7.2.7
    Match ID
    ee22a407-02cb-4979-a38d-9ebafeb350f6
  2. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiswitchmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.0.0; through excluding 7.0.6
    Match ID
    f1b9aa70-bb46-403b-94c1-d94c64e22334

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
38835540-da7b-46e9-ad8b-2cee0536c0c1a87a1749-e70b-48fe-8b92-e6062c6b9f15c1d16a0d-adf8-42d9-b7fc-f0cbbae8e013
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
9
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
03eca667-700f-4203-99f1-7786c9c0c7b139afbbbf-c453-4903-b3e0-adf38dda58965517bae4-b38c-4f5f-9c73-77ba3fac84139006a812-a42b-417c-b77b-37e01d33eb329722c405-1846-4a56-8a0c-7a4ab59eb026a4982162-a43d-472b-aabe-d19475e8814caa21b609-d582-4691-80ce-f25133a33824b46ca888-66b6-4620-8916-0b7817fa0bc3e71f06a0-68b2-4759-81df-2a2dcfe4df45

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.1
psirt@fortinet.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.4
fortinetCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:W/RC:C

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.4Display only

fortinet

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:W/RC:C
Validation
Base mismatch
Recomputed
8.1
Decision reason
Outside current scoring policy
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.