CISA KEV · catalog date Oct 7, 2025 · first observed Jul 19, 2026
Evidence dossier
CVE-2025-27915
An issue was discovered in Zimbra Collaboration (ZCS) 9.0 and 10.0 and 10.1.
Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Oct 7, 2025). CISA-ADP reports CVSS 3.1 5.4. EPSS estimates 3.9% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.
As of Aug 27, 2026
Normalized restatement
An issue was discovered in Zimbra Collaboration (ZCS) 9.0 and 10.0 and 10.1. A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the Classic Web Client due to insufficient sanitization of HTML content in ICS files. When a user views an e-mail message containing a malicious ICS entry, its embedded JavaScript executes via an ontoggle event inside a <details> tag. This allows an attacker to run arbitrary JavaScript within the victim's session, potentially leading to unauthorized actions such as setting e-mail filters to redirect messages to an attacker-controlled address. As a result, an attacker can perform unauthorized actions on the victim's account, including e-mail redirection and data exfiltration.
- State
- PUBLISHED
- Published
- Mar 12, 2025
- Updated
- Feb 26, 2026
- Evidence coverage
- 99%
Evidence chronology
What was known when
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCACISA-ADPOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
- Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAmitreOriginal evidence ↗
Record text: An issue was discovered in Zimbra Collaboration (ZCS) 9.0 and 10.0 and 10.1. A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the Classic Web Client due to insufficient sanitization of HTML content in ICS files. When a user views an e-mail message containing a malicious ICS entry, its embedded JavaScript executes via an ontoggle event inside a <details> tag. This allows an attacker to run arbitrary JavaScript within the victim's session, potentially leading to unauthorized actions such as setting e-mail filters to redirect messages to an attacker-controlled address. As a result, an attacker can perform unauthorized actions on the victim's account, including e-mail redirection and data exfiltration.
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- An issue was discovered in Zimbra Collaboration (ZCS) 9.0 and 10.0 and 10.1. A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the Classic Web Client due to insufficient sanitization of HTML content in ICS files. When a user views an e-mail message containing a malicious ICS entry, its embedded JavaScript executes via an ontoggle event inside a <details> tag. This allows an attacker to run arbitrary JavaScript within the victim's session, potentially leading to unauthorized actions such as setting e-mail filters to redirect messages to an attacker-controlled address. As a result, an attacker can perform unauthorized actions on the victim's account, including e-mail redirection and data exfiltration.
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCACISA KEVOriginal evidence ↗
Exploitation cataloged: Synacor Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS) Cross-site Scripting Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Synacor Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS) Cross-site Scripting Vulnerability
- Source dateFirst observed by CASCAFIRST EPSSOriginal evidence ↗
EPSS score: 3.92% probability · 89.56th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.039180000000; percentile 0.895570000000
FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 89.6th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026
CISA-ADP · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot
Evidence detail
Source limits and decisions
Why each evidence state has this value
Outside this view’s verified evidenceReason detail begins outside this selected snapshot; the state remains source-bound.
Source comparison
Who said what
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- CISA ADP Vulnrichment
An issue was discovered in Zimbra Collaboration (ZCS) 9.0 and 10.0 and 10.1. A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the Classic Web Client due to insufficient sanitization of HTML content in ICS files. When a user views an e-mail message containing a malicious ICS entry, its embedded JavaScript executes via an ontoggle event inside a <details> tag. This allows an attacker to run arbitrary JavaScript within the victim's session, potentially leading to unauthorized actions such as setting e-mail filters to redirect messages to an attacker-controlled address. As a result, an attacker can perform unauthorized actions on the victim's account, including e-mail redirection and data exfiltration.
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
container- Value
- An issue was discovered in Zimbra Collaboration (ZCS) 9.0 and 10.0 and 10.1. A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the Classic Web Client due to insufficient sanitization of HTML content in ICS files. When a user views an e-mail message containing a malicious ICS entry, its embedded JavaScript executes via an ontoggle event inside a <details> tag. This allows an attacker to run arbitrary JavaScript within the victim's session, potentially leading to unauthorized actions such as setting e-mail filters to redirect messages to an attacker-controlled address. As a result, an attacker can perform unauthorized actions on the victim's account, including e-mail redirection and data exfiltration.
Synacor Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS) Cross-site Scripting Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
observed_exploitation- Value
- Synacor Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS) Cross-site Scripting Vulnerability
3.92% probability · 89.56th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
- Field
model_probability- Value
- Probability 0.039180000000; percentile 0.895570000000
Applicability
Cited product scope
Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.
Identity source boundaries
- Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z
27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa - Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z
955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e
2 scope groups
Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.
Inspect raw assertion
[{"status": "affected", "version": "n/a"}]product-4e282fadbbcc212039ad71a0e7de43d3b9757c46bbe8fd5c086551b6c01bb56aLinked exactInspect raw assertions
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p21:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 16
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
3ee37bee-4bdb-4e62-8de3-98cf74dfbe01
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p41:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 39
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
408e1bfd-16aa-458c-b040-04870522febd
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p19:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 13
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
019afc34-289e-4a01-b08b-a5807f7f909a
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p27:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 23
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
f43f4ac0-7c82-4cf4-b0c7-3a4c567bc985
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p12:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 6
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
b7248b91-d136-4dd5-a631-737e4c220a02
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p16:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 10
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
24282ff8-548b-415b-95ca-1efd404d21d3
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p24.1:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 20
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
2ae8f501-4528-4f15-ae50-d4f11fb462de
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p2:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 14
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
7e7b3976-da6f-4285-93e6-2328006f7f4d
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p10:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 4
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
931bd98e-1a5f-4634-945b-bdd7d2faa8b0
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p15:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 9
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
e0648498-2ee5-4b68-8360-ed5914285356
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p20:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 15
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
062e586f-0e02-45a6-93ad-895048fc2d4c
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p39:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 36
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
3cc9d046-4eb4-4608-8ab7-b60ac330a770
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p42:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 40
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
205b2cdc-6423-4fd9-9fd0-847adeb64003
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p28:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 24
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
7991f602-41d7-4377-b888-d66a467ead67
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p22:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 17
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
adf51bca-37dd-4642-b201-74a6d1a545ff
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p11:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 5
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
2e7c0a57-a887-4d29-b601-4275313f46b3
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p29:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 25
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
2193fca2-1ae3-497d-b0ed-5b89727410e3
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p18:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 12
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
2b7d0a8b-7a72-4c1a-85f2-be336ca47e0b
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p38:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 35
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
5024fd58-a3ed-43b1-83ef-f4570c2573ba
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p33:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 30
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
c7de1a7e-573b-42f3-b0a4-d2e676954fe0
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p4:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 37
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
2af337b5-b296-449b-8848-7636ec7c46c5
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p34:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 31
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
e60bc1d0-8552-4e6b-b2c5-96038448c238
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p8:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 45
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
f04d4b77-d386-4bc8-8169-9846693f6f11
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p31:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 28
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
a82346a9-9cc2-4b91-ba2f-a815aaa92a7f
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p35:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 32
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
3924251e-13b0-420e-8080-d3312c3d54af
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p37:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 34
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
900becba-7fdb-4e35-9603-29706fb87bd2
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 2
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
32afce22-5ada-4ff7-a165-5ec12b325def
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p24:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 19
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
40ab56b7-7222-4c44-a271-45dfe3673f72
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p13:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 7
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
494f6fd4-36ed-4e40-8336-7f077fa80fa8
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 1
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- from including 10.1.0; through excluding 10.1.5
- Match ID
cd5597ba-6d2c-4e3a-aa67-0f29da04ca76
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p6:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 43
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
3b4d0040-86d0-46c3-8a9a-3dd12138b9ed
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p5:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 42
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
52232aca-c158-48c8-a0db-7689040cb8fb
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p25:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 21
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
ab9e054b-7790-4e74-a771-40bf6ec71610
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p17:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 11
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
acfdf2d9-ed72-4969-aa3b-e8d48cb1922d
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p30:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 27
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
ff95618b-0bfb-403c-83be-c97879fc866d
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p36:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 33
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
aebe75f9-a494-4c78-927a-ea564bdcce0b
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p9:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 46
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
992370fa-f171-4fb3-9c1c-58ac37038ce4
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p26:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 22
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
dd924e57-c77b-430b-a615-537bb39cea9c
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p3:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 26
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
fa310afa-492d-4a6c-a7f6-740e82cb6e57
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p40:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 38
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
a4535ec5-74d5-41e8-95f1-5c033adb043e
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p43:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 41
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
cae21c69-f080-4ce2-a39e-bf3509fb2005
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p32:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 29
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
2e800348-e139-418d-910b-7b3a9e1e721c
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p7:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 44
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
d2bb9bc7-078d-4e08-88e4-9432d74ca9ba
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p14:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 8
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
9df8c0ce-a71d-4bb1-83fb-1ea5ed77e0c9
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p1:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 3
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
d3577fe6-f1f4-4555-8d27-84d6de731ea3
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:9.0.0:p23:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 18
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- No explicit bounds
- Match ID
39611f3d-a898-4c35-8915-3334cdfb78e5
cpe:2.3:a:synacor:zimbra_collaboration_suite:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*- Official link
- Linked exact
- Role
- Vulnerable target
- Configuration
- 0 · node/0 · match 0
- Logic
- OR
- Version bounds
- from including 10.0.0; through excluding 10.0.13
- Match ID
7f7a8d86-7352-45d1-a809-d19fcc4a4ed0
Affected-product evidence
Accepted scope and product mapping
0 canonical links · 0 source-reported links
Applicability remains source-scoped; safety and exposure remain unassessed.
Assessments
CVSS by origin
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:NCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:NEvidence boundaries
- KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
- EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
- Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
- NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
- Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
- NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
- Affected-product evidence remains source-scoped; canonical linkage is required before applicability scoring.
- Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
- OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
- Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
- Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.