Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-31277

The issue was addressed with improved memory handling.

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 20, 2026). CISA-ADP reports CVSS 3.1 8.8. EPSS estimates 1.7% exploit likelihood as of Oct 22, 2026.

64.6–78.0Priority evidence range

Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in Safari 18.6, iOS 18.6 and iPadOS 18.6, macOS Sequoia 15.6, tvOS 18.6, visionOS 2.6, watchOS 11.6. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption.

State: PUBLISHED
Published: Jul 29, 2025
Updated: Sep 21, 2026
Evidence coverage: 85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →

Source dateSep 1, 2026First observed by CASCASep 1, 2026
CISA KEV
Exploitation cataloged: Apple Multiple Products Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Apple Multiple Products Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Original evidence ↗
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCASep 22, 2026
apple
Record text: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in Safari 18.6, iOS 18.6 and iPadOS 18.6, macOS Sequoia 15.6, tvOS 18.6, visionOS 2.6, watchOS 11.6. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption.
Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in Safari 18.6, iOS 18.6 and iPadOS 18.6, macOS Sequoia 15.6, tvOS 18.6, visionOS 2.6, watchOS 11.6. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption.
Original evidence ↗
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCASep 22, 2026
CISA-ADP
Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Original evidence ↗
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCASep 22, 2026
CVE Program
Record text: CVE Program Container
Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Original evidence ↗
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCASep 22, 2026
redhat-SADP
Record text: webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption
Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption
Original evidence ↗
Source dateOct 22, 2026First observed by CASCAOct 22, 2026
FIRST EPSS
EPSS score: 1.66% probability · 76.45th percentile
Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.016580000000; percentile 0.764500000000
Original evidence ↗

ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 20, 2026 · first observed Sep 1, 2026

Exploit likelihood1.66%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 22, 2026 · 76.4th percentile · first observed Oct 22, 2026

SeverityCVSS 8.8

CISA-ADP · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Sep 22, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1

Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision: evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff: Oct 22, 2026
Resolution: Review source contract

Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision: evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff: Oct 22, 2026
Resolution: None

Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision: casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff: Oct 22, 2026
Resolution: None

Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision: casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff: Oct 22, 2026
Resolution: Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA KEVOriginal assertion

Exploitation cataloged

Apple Multiple Products Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion

Field: observed_exploitation
Value: Apple Multiple Products Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Source dateSep 1, 2026First observed by CASCASep 1, 2026Original evidence ↗

appleOriginal assertion

Record text

Inspect raw assertion

Field: container
Value: The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in Safari 18.6, iOS 18.6 and iPadOS 18.6, macOS Sequoia 15.6, tvOS 18.6, visionOS 2.6, watchOS 11.6. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption.

Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCASep 22, 2026Original evidence ↗

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment

Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion

Field: container
Value: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCASep 22, 2026Original evidence ↗

CVE ProgramDerivative copy

Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion

Field: container
Value: CVE Program Container

Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCASep 22, 2026Original evidence ↗

redhat-SADPSource-declared origin

Record text

webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption

Inspect raw assertion

Field: container
Value: webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption

Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCASep 22, 2026Original evidence ↗

FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion

EPSS score

1.66% probability · 76.45th percentile

Inspect raw assertion

Field: model_probability
Value: Probability 0.016580000000; percentile 0.764500000000

Source dateOct 22, 2026First observed by CASCAOct 22, 2026Original evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →

26Underlying assertions

15Canonical products

26Target assertions

0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 3 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries

Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

Search scopeRoleOfficial link state

37 scope groups

apple · source assertedAppleiOS and iPadOSDirect source scope

Affected: 0 to before 18.6 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "18.6", "versionType": "custom"}]

apple · source assertedApplemacOSDirect source scope

Affected: 0 to before 15.6 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "15.6", "versionType": "custom"}]

apple · source assertedAppleSafariDirect source scope

Affected: 0 to before 18.6 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "18.6", "versionType": "custom"}]

apple · source assertedAppletvOSDirect source scope

Affected: 0 to before 18.6 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "18.6", "versionType": "custom"}]

apple · source assertedApplevisionOSDirect source scope

Affected: 0 to before 2.6 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "2.6", "versionType": "custom"}]

apple · source assertedApplewatchOSDirect source scope

Affected: 0 to before 11.6 (custom comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "11.6", "versionType": "custom"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 6Direct source scope

Version details are available in the raw assertion

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 7Direct source scope

Version details are available in the raw assertion

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Extended Lifecycle SupportDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el7_9 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el7_9", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8Direct source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el8_10 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el8_10", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update SupportDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el8_2 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el8_2", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update SupportDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el8_4 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el8_4", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-OnDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el8_4 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el8_4", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Advanced Mission Critical Update SupportDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el8_6 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el8_6", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Telecommunications Update ServiceDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el8_6 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el8_6", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Update Services for SAP SolutionsDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el8_6 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el8_6", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Telecommunications Update ServiceDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el8_8.1 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el8_8.1", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Update Services for SAP SolutionsDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-1.el8_8.1 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-1.el8_8.1", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 9Direct source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.1-0.el9_6 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.1-0.el9_6", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Update Services for SAP SolutionsDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-2.el9_0 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-2.el9_0", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Update Services for SAP SolutionsDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-2.el9_2 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-2.el9_2", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

redhat-SADP · source assertedRed HatRed Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 Extended Update SupportDirect source scope

Unaffected: 0:2.50.0-2.el9_4 to before * (rpm comparison)

Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion

[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0:2.50.0-2.el9_4", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "rpm"}]

NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMappleipadosVulnerable target · 1 assertions

Any version (unconstrained) (< 18.6)Canonical identity product-8e7094ac066248cd4828b6ec8e3a96d010ed1c68f6083af46638775d737da0adLinked exact

Scope supported

Inspect raw assertion

cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Official link
Linked exact
Role
Vulnerable target
Configuration
0 · node/0 · match 1
Logic
OR
Version bounds
through excluding 18.6
Match ID
8ed4015e-c707-4a91-86b3-23100e0dfa8f

NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMappleiphone_osVulnerable target · 1 assertions

Any version (unconstrained) (< 18.6)Canonical identity product-665d7155d02581979844685e7fca6c2680af997f9200af455887b1c71c483272Linked exact

Scope supported

Inspect raw assertion

cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Official link
Linked exact
Role
Vulnerable target
Configuration
0 · node/0 · match 2
Logic
OR
Version bounds
through excluding 18.6
Match ID
bd9d42a7-de2a-4d5a-8c7b-002a60148483

NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMapplemacosVulnerable target · 1 assertions

Any version (unconstrained) (>= 15.0, < 15.6)Canonical identity product-d6f53ba981bb58ea2b0d24855b8ff4a18555e3a17a9dce0d38460a69537bbc63Linked exact

Scope supported

Inspect raw assertion

cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Official link
Linked exact
Role
Vulnerable target
Configuration
0 · node/0 · match 3
Logic
OR
Version bounds
from including 15.0; through excluding 15.6
Match ID
4cf17ce2-db4b-48d1-81af-67ef1ec7bb45

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class: Direct cve affected
Assertions: 22
Mapping revision: cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff: Oct 22, 2026

Retained assertion IDs

00647703-6e3a-41d0-a4c7-5f78746f3fff185e14ae-aa9c-4a7c-890a-debdda7eb417311e6b86-10f8-43a1-ade7-681a549c02b83a514a8c-68f1-4d31-976a-88a7eeef9b603da34f95-49e4-48f9-9126-24783aeaaa0940432c13-9331-4e63-a30b-74725c809ca0458a0687-3efd-463f-a6de-fbd1777da7a34685c0a1-5595-404c-9756-211effcb4af646bb1f18-e269-4829-9133-b6b12f3a1ec153fad89e-fc0d-498f-acdf-949a3ce4c84e5d5293fe-ec8d-43ca-be30-05d696450b0360040dcd-e14e-4976-9f27-4544f173c8b56450f432-3faf-4a3a-9d8a-bbeac8a8d24e6e63527e-2672-41df-b154-f67df22db48a7233d674-6e0b-4b6b-a3c1-acd0d7f9e9d0841df5ad-6af1-4b9c-bbe8-a9c770dd218388fb0901-cef2-47ee-b955-da2abdb6d8349ba7a841-df97-4ae1-a65b-f2555a9a8f43a3100104-04c3-411a-931f-22b71f67f86fc9a1770c-a818-4f97-99e0-6bc7190711bfc9f067f2-07ec-4d6d-9156-35830d154b5df4a1f974-d280-4e99-81e9-99d5b8fad431

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class: Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions: 26
Mapping revision: cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff: Oct 22, 2026

Retained assertion IDs

008fd5a9-3617-4071-b8ae-55c62bb73e25025bbff9-b6a6-4c4c-866e-1b8bdc866eea05d7563e-d1a5-46ce-b1cd-d606d9565bc9094571f8-762d-42d6-9a57-7ed7b58dd550141ca008-70b1-4acc-b896-41df431654f418ac987b-7ed0-4da2-9b1b-7eccdffeccea1f818b2b-7a9b-4d5d-8097-fcfb0e8ca34e1fb5e494-c6c1-4c82-baa5-c5147c03fa4f2b7a4ef0-05be-42c7-b889-c4e8a60974c534d2617e-5851-4130-90fd-1995e3eeb1a53550f526-1607-49d2-ad8d-35b3d54565b142084274-5ae2-4b62-bf85-ce2edbc5935153598520-9cc8-4404-856f-2f84c724bb03542fd796-4ecd-4fb8-bb4b-1324aa9d9720570a0191-42e6-49e4-94c6-505821bc3d3160c66bcd-91fc-4de1-8513-262b1d433c1665f4ab73-df57-4d5b-b584-059d7f1240f066c4577c-7b0f-4a98-bd3b-26c56521dfe878fd325a-00f8-4f81-9b2d-5424dc3520bf82614839-0045-4dfc-97eb-29e46990b39b89e1bd10-af56-4e6b-957b-1d711945681e8b818614-55f8-4a0c-8d84-9c1c6789244894ef1fe1-ec6c-466f-ad1f-577e63435efe98f17e23-188e-460d-87d5-44bf3b6034e6a64b6422-21f2-4f36-8c82-e8073fdf28fbb8c94eef-31c3-4dc7-8b78-546f5df75be4

Assessments

CVSS by origin

8.8

CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

8.8

CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

8.8

CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

8.8

redhat-SADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

8.8Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Validation: Valid match
Recomputed: 8.8
Decision reason: Evidence supported
Policy: casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

8.8Display only

redhat-SADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Unknown origin · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Validation: Valid match
Recomputed: 8.8
Decision reason: Policy deferred
Policy: casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.