Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-39682

tls: fix handling of zero-length records on the rx_list

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Sep 18, 2026). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 2.9% exploit likelihood as of Oct 22, 2026.

67.9–77.4Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tls: fix handling of zero-length records on the rx_list Each recvmsg() call must process either - only contiguous DATA records (any number of them) - one non-DATA record If the next record has different type than what has already been processed we break out of the main processing loop. If the record has already been decrypted (which may be the case for TLS 1.3 where we don't know type until decryption) we queue the pending record to the rx_list. Next recvmsg() will pick it up from there. Queuing the skb to rx_list after zero-copy decrypt is not possible, since in that case we decrypted directly to the user space buffer, and we don't have an skb to queue (darg.skb points to the ciphertext skb for access to metadata like length). Only data records are allowed zero-copy, and we break the processing loop after each non-data record. So we should never zero-copy and then find out that the record type has changed. The corner case we missed is when the initial record comes from rx_list, and it's zero length.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Sep 5, 2025
Updated
Oct 7, 2026
Evidence coverage
85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Linux Kernel Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Linux Kernel Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    Linux

    Record text: tls: fix handling of zero-length records on the rx_list

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    tls: fix handling of zero-length records on the rx_list
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    siemens-SADP

    Record text: Container present

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Container present
    Original evidence ↗
  6. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 2.88% probability · 86.75th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.028800000000; percentile 0.867500000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Sep 18, 2026 · first observed Sep 18, 2026

Exploit likelihood2.88%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 22, 2026 · 86.8th percentile · first observed Oct 22, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Oct 21, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Linux Kernel Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Linux Kernel Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
LinuxOriginal assertion
Record text

tls: fix handling of zero-length records on the rx_list

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
tls: fix handling of zero-length records on the rx_list
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
siemens-SADPSource-declared origin
Record text

Container present

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Container present
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

2.88% probability · 86.75th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.028800000000; percentile 0.867500000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
7Underlying assertions
2Canonical products
7Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 2 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

5 scope groups

Linux · source assertedLinuxLinuxDirect source scope
Affected: 84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417 to before 2902c3ebcca52ca845c03182000e8d71d3a5196f (git comparison)Affected: 84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417 to before c09dd3773b5950e9cfb6c9b9a5f6e36d06c62677 (git comparison)Affected: 84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417 to before 3439c15ae91a517cf3c650ea15a8987699416ad9 (git comparison)Affected: 84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417 to before 29c0ce3c8cdb6dc5d61139c937f34cb888a6f42e (git comparison)Affected: 84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417 to before 62708b9452f8eb77513115b17c4f8d1a22ebf843 (git comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417", "lessThan": "2902c3ebcca52ca845c03182000e8d71d3a5196f", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417", "lessThan": "c09dd3773b5950e9cfb6c9b9a5f6e36d06c62677", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417", "lessThan": "3439c15ae91a517cf3c650ea15a8987699416ad9", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417", "lessThan": "29c0ce3c8cdb6dc5d61139c937f34cb888a6f42e", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "84c61fe1a75b4255df1e1e7c054c9e6d048da417", "lessThan": "62708b9452f8eb77513115b17c4f8d1a22ebf843", "versionType": "git"}]
Linux · source assertedLinuxLinuxDirect source scope
Affected: 6.0Unaffected: 0 to before 6.0 (semver comparison)Unaffected: 6.1.149 through 6.1.* (semver comparison)Unaffected: 6.6.103 through 6.6.* (semver comparison)Unaffected: 6.12.44 through 6.12.* (semver comparison)Unaffected: 6.16.4 through 6.16.* (semver comparison)Unaffected: 6.17 through * (original_commit_for_fix comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "6.0"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "6.0", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.1.149", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.103", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.12.44", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.16.4", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.16.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.17", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix", "lessThanOrEqual": "*"}]
siemens-SADP · source assertedSiemensSIMATIC CN 4100Direct source scope
Affected: 0 to before V5.0 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "V5.0", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMdebiandebian_linuxVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 11.0Canonical identity product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447eLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fa6feec2-9f11-4643-8827-749718254fed
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMlinuxlinux_kernelVulnerable target · 6 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.0, < 6.1.149); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.13, < 6.16.4); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.2, < 6.6.103); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 6.7, < 6.12.44); Version 6.17Canonical identity product-0eda7a801761be4590f267cf319481c8c0aaa30546d99cc064edf77989ce05c9Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.2; through excluding 6.6.103
    Match ID
    f2293654-7169-49b5-8d0d-ee51ef8b8e48
  2. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.13; through excluding 6.16.4
    Match ID
    afc28995-b8c3-4b68-8cb6-78e792b6629d
  3. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.0; through excluding 6.1.149
    Match ID
    de30211f-1a6b-457e-b19d-d3e385550199
  4. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.17:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    327d22ef-390b-454c-bd31-2ed23c998a1c
  5. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.17:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c730cd9a-d969-4a8e-9522-162aaf7c0ee9
  6. cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 6.7; through excluding 6.12.44
    Match ID
    12351f24-1133-4775-960c-f2b47e81298b

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
266412ad-d33d-4a7e-af97-d3316e9588f871f1e6e3-137b-414b-b9c0-b2d35e871db9730ab0dc-1094-4e23-8e70-dc1edee9d885
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
8
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0c56f3bb-938b-467e-91d0-1490dfdf4c110fae5e0f-eb14-4e59-a143-d91f087792a32912359f-39fc-464b-8696-e7cf18a2d2913e8ce06f-e5bd-4831-b294-cab4c66cd95c547043aa-ea90-45fe-92b9-8407ee38c1cc6aef45d8-96c7-4623-9433-dd5105594477778de1a9-4d1f-4207-9898-007d78a99c8185e2b676-667a-4f38-b09c-83930c721b54

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
LinuxCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.8Priority eligible

Linux

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.