CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-43520

A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling.

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 20, 2026). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 5.5. EPSS estimates 0.4% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

60.4–63.6Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.7.2 and iPadOS 18.7.2, iOS 26.1 and iPadOS 26.1, macOS Sequoia 15.7.2, macOS Sonoma 14.8.2, macOS Tahoe 26.1, tvOS 26.1, visionOS 26.1, watchOS 26.1. A malicious application may be able to cause unexpected system termination or write kernel memory.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Dec 12, 2025
Updated
Apr 2, 2026
Evidence coverage
95%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    apple

    Record text: A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.7.2 and iPadOS 18.7.2, iOS 26.1 and iPadOS 26.1, macOS Sequoia 15.7.2, macOS Sonoma 14.8.2, macOS Tahoe 26.1, tvOS 26.1, visionOS 26.1, watchOS 26.1. A malicious application may be able to cause unexpected system termination or write kernel memory.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.7.2 and iPadOS 18.7.2, iOS 26.1 and iPadOS 26.1, macOS Sequoia 15.7.2, macOS Sonoma 14.8.2, macOS Tahoe 26.1, tvOS 26.1, visionOS 26.1, watchOS 26.1. A malicious application may be able to cause unexpected system termination or write kernel memory.
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Apple Multiple Products Classic Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Apple Multiple Products Classic Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 0.43% probability · 35.9th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.004320000000; percentile 0.359000000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 20, 2026 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood0.43%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 35.9th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 5.5

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

appleOriginal assertion
Record text

A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.7.2 and iPadOS 18.7.2, iOS 26.1 and iPadOS 26.1, macOS Sequoia 15.7.2, macOS Sonoma 14.8.2, macOS Tahoe 26.1, tvOS 26.1, visionOS 26.1, watchOS 26.1. A malicious application may be able to cause unexpected system termination or write kernel memory.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.7.2 and iPadOS 18.7.2, iOS 26.1 and iPadOS 26.1, macOS Sequoia 15.7.2, macOS Sonoma 14.8.2, macOS Tahoe 26.1, tvOS 26.1, visionOS 26.1, watchOS 26.1. A malicious application may be able to cause unexpected system termination or write kernel memory.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Apple Multiple Products Classic Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Apple Multiple Products Classic Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

0.43% probability · 35.9th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.004320000000; percentile 0.359000000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
10Underlying assertions
6Canonical products
10Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

11 scope groups

apple · source assertedAppleiOS and iPadOSDirect source scope
Affected: 0 to before 18.7.2 (custom comparison)Affected: 0 to before 26.1 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "18.7.2", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "26.1", "versionType": "custom"}]
apple · source assertedApplemacOSDirect source scope
Affected: 0 to before 14.8.2 (custom comparison)Affected: 0 to before 15.7.2 (custom comparison)Affected: 0 to before 26.1 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "14.8.2", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "15.7.2", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "26.1", "versionType": "custom"}]
apple · source assertedAppletvOSDirect source scope
Affected: 0 to before 26.1 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "26.1", "versionType": "custom"}]
apple · source assertedApplevisionOSDirect source scope
Affected: 0 to before 26.1 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "26.1", "versionType": "custom"}]
apple · source assertedApplewatchOSDirect source scope
Affected: 0 to before 26.1 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "26.1", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMappleipadosVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 18.7.2); Version 26.0Canonical identity product-8e7094ac066248cd4828b6ec8e3a96d010ed1c68f6083af46638775d737da0adLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 18.7.2
    Match ID
    819e8f86-a336-49a2-853f-249459279a59
  2. cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados:26.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    4173f942-2cf6-447e-a942-948f6ef6ce77
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMappleiphone_osVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 18.7.2); Version 26.0Canonical identity product-665d7155d02581979844685e7fca6c2680af997f9200af455887b1c71c483272Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os:26.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    e29a276a-7091-42b2-b893-6a5801a0716e
  2. cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 18.7.2
    Match ID
    7b98b4a6-efb0-4651-bf56-06917e7cec85
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMapplemacosVulnerable target · 3 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 14.0, < 14.8.2); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 15.0, < 15.7.2); Version 26.0Canonical identity product-d6f53ba981bb58ea2b0d24855b8ff4a18555e3a17a9dce0d38460a69537bbc63Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 14.0; through excluding 14.8.2
    Match ID
    9827cbdc-8c03-46ba-b534-8533f0975804
  2. cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 15.0; through excluding 15.7.2
    Match ID
    4be8199e-63d1-496c-b107-52853cfc2311
  3. cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:26.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    551159ee-8311-4a13-802d-85871dab5e77
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMappletvosVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 26.1)Canonical identity product-e5ea88731ef28ba75a5b40a72b650d8199d1f49ce8c4cd688de7cdb41dc8b9fbLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:tvos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 26.1
    Match ID
    290e0d29-cb5b-45a7-9fe3-fd2030b1d1a4
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMapplevisionosVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 26.1)Canonical identity product-19ea67d4e45cd0ba7b7dd3f37fc826621c69bf7424ebc0f3a2c1b0555b2cb8beLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:visionos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 26.1
    Match ID
    7dfd3616-65ca-4e5c-849c-3c20acbcb610
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMapplewatchosVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 26.1)Canonical identity product-1b28e85eba5cb27cd93d563b4ea63a555b916484cee543c65fdbe57d529fc0d1Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:apple:watchos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 26.1
    Match ID
    9f9d7f76-13fb-407c-94e5-221b93021568

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

6 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-19ea67d4e45cd0ba7b7dd3f37fc826621c69bf7424ebc0f3a2c1b0555b2cb8be

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
b134b984-d835-4cd1-b711-ee3d2e8e79c3
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-1b28e85eba5cb27cd93d563b4ea63a555b916484cee543c65fdbe57d529fc0d1

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
74830b14-f53d-4d88-bd4b-deceee92950e
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-665d7155d02581979844685e7fca6c2680af997f9200af455887b1c71c483272

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
8af84684-62e7-4bc2-83d8-781d9be9c18fa073466f-7a90-492f-a69a-81020c1d9f0c
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-8e7094ac066248cd4828b6ec8e3a96d010ed1c68f6083af46638775d737da0ad

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
23af901b-3a96-4e1a-8d54-18170e0cfd6f67ec7328-1735-4206-b580-eef4f4e82a48
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-d6f53ba981bb58ea2b0d24855b8ff4a18555e3a17a9dce0d38460a69537bbc63

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
3
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
a50a9273-3b90-4f3f-bf4a-8d89d7867e68ae3330fb-a415-4601-ae65-867a649314a9c42e354d-e645-40e7-bbec-faee2810ba2b
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-d6ed6f1e35de2e16a8a10f2ae364dab009bb2afadd609071b20da24d60ce2829 · product-e5ea88731ef28ba75a5b40a72b650d8199d1f49ce8c4cd688de7cdb41dc8b9fb

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0f0955f8-753f-4992-adab-37d9c24af048
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
5
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
3833a64d-2c9c-4703-9404-ea9a5a4b25ec3ac1ab70-b64a-4b49-9ef6-4768c6451864a7eda536-bce6-458d-bc44-021dd00ca2dbbd2dbc43-4d5d-496e-9d2e-29ee71e1d928e7fe3dc5-b1d4-4bc0-ab84-02e2d1d5b1db

Assessments

CVSS by origin

5.5
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
5.5
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
5.5
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

5.5Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
5.5
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.