CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-4428

Remote Code Execution

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since May 19, 2025). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 8.8. Severity assessments differ within at least one CVSS version. EPSS estimates 86.2% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

79.2–84.8Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

Remote Code Execution in API component in Ivanti Endpoint Manager Mobile 12.5.0.0 and prior on unspecified platforms allows authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted API requests.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
May 13, 2025
Updated
Feb 26, 2026
Evidence coverage
84%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    ivanti

    Record text: Remote Code Execution

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Remote Code Execution
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Ivanti Endpoint Manager Mobile (EPMM) Code Injection Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Ivanti Endpoint Manager Mobile (EPMM) Code Injection Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 86.19% probability · 99.72th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.861860000000; percentile 0.997170000000
    Original evidence ↗

Assessments differ

NVD8.8CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted
CVE Program source7.2CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted

Values are shown separately by source and CVSS version.

ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date May 19, 2025 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood86.19%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 99.7th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityAssessments differ

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · values shown separately below

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentAssessments differ

Eligible assertions materially conflict and remain visible side by side.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve conflict
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
ivantiOriginal assertion
Record text

Remote Code Execution

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Remote Code Execution
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Ivanti Endpoint Manager Mobile (EPMM) Code Injection Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Ivanti Endpoint Manager Mobile (EPMM) Code Injection Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

86.19% probability · 99.72th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.861860000000; percentile 0.997170000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
4Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
4Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

2 scope groups

ivanti · source assertedIvantiEndpoint Manager MobileDirect source scope
Unaffected: 12.5.0.1
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "12.5.0.1"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONivantiendpoint_manager_mobileVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 11.12.0.5); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 12.3.0.0, < 12.3.0.2); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 12.4.0.0, < 12.4.0.2); Version 12.5.0.0Canonical identity product-8ee94fee70d74d1daf3957eb369f11016016454797e215f5dd5b3065597a7fa0Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:endpoint_manager_mobile:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 12.3.0.0; through excluding 12.3.0.2
    Match ID
    a3f4c3fb-278b-4f4d-a5ef-188f49322405
  2. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:endpoint_manager_mobile:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 11.12.0.5
    Match ID
    bdf89238-9401-4106-8999-511712a0a51f
  3. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:endpoint_manager_mobile:12.5.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c3f9cd37-b058-4d65-86b1-9168215d2608
  4. cpe:2.3:a:ivanti:endpoint_manager_mobile:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 12.4.0.0; through excluding 12.4.0.2
    Match ID
    95fc0377-42ae-49fd-be90-919f46d075c9

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

1 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-3425119a96da358469a7b553eb78575943b212717ed69c8b19da50120e63cd05 · product-8ee94fee70d74d1daf3957eb369f11016016454797e215f5dd5b3065597a7fa0

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
25601418-d58c-4567-b006-d584fde05a366e9d5526-8205-4c7c-b5f1-d873efbe132d83b25cc2-4583-495b-9ec5-f67be1efd25d99d25a9a-0357-4fd2-b9c4-5484baf52e67
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
65119ec0-1934-41b7-acff-1759be0ff45a

Assessments

CVSS by origin

8.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.2
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.2
ivantiCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

7.2Priority eligible

ivanti

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
7.2
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.