CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-48384

Git allows arbitrary code execution through broken config quoting

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Aug 25, 2025). security-advisories@github.com reports CVSS 3.1 8.0. EPSS estimates 4.4% exploit likelihood as of Oct 22, 2026.

64.2–73.7Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. When reading a config value, Git strips any trailing carriage return and line feed (CRLF). When writing a config entry, values with a trailing CR are not quoted, causing the CR to be lost when the config is later read. When initializing a submodule, if the submodule path contains a trailing CR, the altered path is read resulting in the submodule being checked out to an incorrect location. If a symlink exists that points the altered path to the submodule hooks directory, and the submodule contains an executable post-checkout hook, the script may be unintentionally executed after checkout. This vulnerability is fixed in v2.43.7, v2.44.4, v2.45.4, v2.46.4, v2.47.3, v2.48.2, v2.49.1, and v2.50.1.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Jul 8, 2025
Updated
Feb 26, 2026
Evidence coverage
85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    GitHub_M

    Record text: Git allows arbitrary code execution through broken config quoting

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Git allows arbitrary code execution through broken config quoting
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Git Link Following Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Git Link Following Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 4.38% probability · 91.24th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.043790000000; percentile 0.912420000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Aug 25, 2025 · first observed Sep 1, 2026

Exploit likelihood4.38%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 22, 2026 · 91.2th percentile · first observed Oct 22, 2026

SeverityCVSS 8.0

security-advisories@github.com · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Sep 26, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
GitHub_MOriginal assertion
Record text

Git allows arbitrary code execution through broken config quoting

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Git allows arbitrary code execution through broken config quoting
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Git Link Following Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Git Link Following Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

4.38% probability · 91.24th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.043790000000; percentile 0.912420000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
10Underlying assertions
3Canonical products
10Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 3 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

4 scope groups

GitHub_M · source assertedgitgitDirect source scope
Affected: < 2.43.7Affected: >= 2.44.0-rc0, < 2.44.4Affected: >= 2.45.0-rc0, < 2.45.4Affected: >= 2.46.0-rc0, < 2.46.4Affected: >= 2.47.0-rc0, < 2.47.3Affected: >= 2.48.0-rc0, < 2.48.2Affected: >= 2.49.0-rc0, < 2.49.1Affected: >= 2.50.0-rc0, < 2.50.1
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "< 2.43.7"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.44.0-rc0, < 2.44.4"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.45.0-rc0, < 2.45.4"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.46.0-rc0, < 2.46.4"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.47.0-rc0, < 2.47.3"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.48.0-rc0, < 2.48.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.49.0-rc0, < 2.49.1"}, {"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.50.0-rc0, < 2.50.1"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONapplexcodeVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 26.0)Canonical identity product-b1ba56e48fb18ebd9e6473b135befea0c97422907c218dc623981b389d3fe99cLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:apple:xcode:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    2 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 26.0
    Match ID
    37cc7f40-cc3a-4aeb-9260-b621fe64735a
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMdebiandebian_linuxVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version 11.0Canonical identity product-3ccb4bc87dfae98fa2f2a06435fe5b3d9be78572fb958a89f2d7a96b4066447eLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    fa6feec2-9f11-4643-8827-749718254fed
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONgit-scmgitVulnerable target · 8 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 2.43.7); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.44.0, < 2.44.4); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.45.0, < 2.45.4); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.46.0, < 2.46.4); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.47.0, < 2.47.3); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.48.0, < 2.48.2); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.49.0, < 2.49.1); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.50.0, < 2.50.1)Canonical identity product-407759b0bed8e9f6c819d88b6ca09f983ec62b54513f8e94a63045a425ebe9b2Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:git-scm:git:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.46.0; through excluding 2.46.4
    Match ID
    01bda55c-f398-4286-abc6-979a783bdc65
  2. cpe:2.3:a:git-scm:git:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.44.0; through excluding 2.44.4
    Match ID
    856a8970-74e2-4f8f-a1a6-2ab1c0c87e45
  3. cpe:2.3:a:git-scm:git:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 2.43.7
    Match ID
    bb276680-d286-4df6-bcb7-cac1d9d77e08
  4. cpe:2.3:a:git-scm:git:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.50.0; through excluding 2.50.1
    Match ID
    18f948ad-22c0-4b2e-b497-899f3a94b70a
  5. cpe:2.3:a:git-scm:git:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.47.0; through excluding 2.47.3
    Match ID
    ff4a2acc-0996-4869-884d-734d6006c032
  6. cpe:2.3:a:git-scm:git:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.48.0; through excluding 2.48.2
    Match ID
    0dd21a83-8d62-4ee4-914b-b5aca19a84a2
  7. cpe:2.3:a:git-scm:git:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.49.0; through excluding 2.49.1
    Match ID
    95c1825c-b7a2-46e9-93d7-2d196db2515e
  8. cpe:2.3:a:git-scm:git:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.45.0; through excluding 2.45.4
    Match ID
    6d1db9ba-3d91-4f7d-931e-a664737129f0

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
abfa30d1-dc40-4bc1-8f30-16bf704ce1dd
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
10
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
210062dc-309d-4a50-b840-4c3055adbb2e29072a7e-e4e3-439f-a660-a94d2ecbab833b1d7050-8fb1-40e7-a55d-cceff6d506ad46bef12d-9571-4073-aff9-591810cef8d06e4bac7d-44ee-43f1-937a-714ad2a1a52c78148fdd-0eb7-493a-8321-e0f4743896ae85d3b49c-8c28-4d74-bcc8-d383865a3c9594f934a6-3b8d-44ca-9737-065a8d05d926c007af69-013f-44ef-a137-924ad9ae990ad302999a-377d-453e-a983-eda702373a8b

Assessments

CVSS by origin

8.0
security-advisories@github.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.1
GitHub_MCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

8.1Display only

GitHub_M

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Base mismatch
Recomputed
8.0
Decision reason
Outside current scoring policy
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.