CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-52691

Upload Arbitrary Files

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Jan 26, 2026). CSA reports CVSS 3.1 10.0. EPSS estimates 85.7% exploit likelihood as of Oct 21, 2026.

83.5–87.7Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

Successful exploitation of the vulnerability could allow an unauthenticated attacker to upload arbitrary files to any location on the mail server, potentially enabling remote code execution.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Dec 29, 2025
Updated
Feb 26, 2026
Evidence coverage
85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CSA

    Record text: Upload Arbitrary Files

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Upload Arbitrary Files
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: SmarterTools SmarterMail Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    SmarterTools SmarterMail Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 85.66% probability · 99.73th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.856550000000; percentile 0.997270000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Jan 26, 2026 · first observed Sep 1, 2026

Exploit likelihood85.66%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 21, 2026 · 99.7th percentile · first observed Oct 21, 2026

SeverityCVSS 10.0

CSA · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CSAOriginal assertion
Record text

Upload Arbitrary Files

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Upload Arbitrary Files
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

SmarterTools SmarterMail Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
SmarterTools SmarterMail Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

85.66% probability · 99.73th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.856550000000; percentile 0.997270000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
1Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
1Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

2 scope groups

CSA · source assertedSmarterToolsSmarterMailDirect source scope
Affected: SmarterMail versions Build 9406 and earlier
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "SmarterMail versions Build 9406 and earlier"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONsmartertoolssmartermailVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 100.0.9413)Canonical identity product-56937b53f22f721fe9faee4c6c62db916745b96a744cf9ea39b119135982f43bLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:a:smartertools:smartermail:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 100.0.9413
    Match ID
    a9f4301a-c277-47f6-841d-386edd24ee67

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
bd46e931-e5f3-4266-be4a-193fc984945e
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
257ebb5f-6830-4637-98a2-9214353e15b2

Assessments

CVSS by origin

10.0
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
10.0
CSACVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

10.0Priority eligible

CSA

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
10.0
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.