CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-58360

GeoServer is vulnerable to an Unauthenticated XML External Entities (XXE) attack via WMS GetMap feature

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Dec 11, 2025). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. Severity assessments differ within at least one CVSS version. EPSS estimates 60.0% exploit likelihood as of Oct 22, 2026.

76.0–85.3Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

GeoServer is an open source server that allows users to share and edit geospatial data. From version 2.26.0 to before 2.26.2 and before 2.25.6, an XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability was identified. The application accepts XML input through a specific endpoint /geoserver/wms operation GetMap. However, this input is not sufficiently sanitized or restricted, allowing an attacker to define external entities within the XML request. This issue has been patched in GeoServer 2.25.6, GeoServer 2.26.3, and GeoServer 2.27.0.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Nov 25, 2025
Updated
Feb 26, 2026
Evidence coverage
72%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    GitHub_M

    Record text: GeoServer is vulnerable to an Unauthenticated XML External Entities (XXE) attack via WMS GetMap feature

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    GeoServer is vulnerable to an Unauthenticated XML External Entities (XXE) attack via WMS GetMap feature
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: OSGeo GeoServer Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    OSGeo GeoServer Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 60.01% probability · 99.13th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.600120000000; percentile 0.991340000000
    Original evidence ↗

Assessments differ

NVD9.8CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted
security-advisories@github.com8.2CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted

Values are shown separately by source and CVSS version.

ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Dec 11, 2025 · first observed Sep 1, 2026

Exploit likelihood60.01%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 22, 2026 · 99.1th percentile · first observed Oct 22, 2026

SeverityAssessments differ

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Oct 21, 2026 · values shown separately below

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentAssessments differ

Eligible assertions materially conflict and remain visible side by side.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve conflict
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
GitHub_MOriginal assertion
Record text

GeoServer is vulnerable to an Unauthenticated XML External Entities (XXE) attack via WMS GetMap feature

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
GeoServer is vulnerable to an Unauthenticated XML External Entities (XXE) attack via WMS GetMap feature
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

OSGeo GeoServer Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
OSGeo GeoServer Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

60.01% probability · 99.13th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.600120000000; percentile 0.991340000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
2Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
2Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

2 scope groups

GitHub_M · source assertedgeoservergeoserverDirect source scope
Affected: >= 2.26.0, < 2.26.2Affected: < 2.25.6
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": ">= 2.26.0, < 2.26.2"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "< 2.25.6"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONgeoservergeoserverVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (< 2.25.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 2.26.0, < 2.26.2)Canonical identity product-bf874be236ae16764b023659037dfa8f2f2cedf9a5a9586d6d5778258696c5faLinked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:geoserver:geoserver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 2.26.0; through excluding 2.26.2
    Match ID
    58dcfd5d-914e-442f-ad07-c019c3bddb2a
  2. cpe:2.3:a:geoserver:geoserver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through excluding 2.25.6
    Match ID
    929a415a-3926-49de-855e-9363b5e495d3

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
aa98313d-e220-4b19-a2cf-0bf7637a7121
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
5ff3fafb-3404-4b8d-8179-815755259e16f8d59c6c-ada7-4b92-9baf-9ed2207b77c5

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.2
security-advisories@github.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:L
8.2
GitHub_MCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:L

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

8.2Priority eligible

GitHub_M

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:L
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
8.2
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.