CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-59718

A improper verification of cryptographic signature vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS…

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Dec 16, 2025). psirt@fortinet.com reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 68.7% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

86.4–89.0Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A improper verification of cryptographic signature vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiProxy 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiProxy 7.4.0 through 7.4.10, FortiProxy 7.2.0 through 7.2.14, FortiProxy 7.0.0 through 7.0.21, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows an unauthenticated attacker to bypass the FortiCloud SSO login authentication via a crafted SAML response message.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Dec 9, 2025
Updated
Jul 14, 2026
Evidence coverage
96%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    fortinet

    Record text: A improper verification of cryptographic signature vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiProxy 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiProxy 7.4.0 through 7.4.10, FortiProxy 7.2.0 through 7.2.14, FortiProxy 7.0.0 through 7.0.21, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows an unauthenticated attacker to bypass the FortiCloud SSO login authentication via a crafted SAML response message.

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    A improper verification of cryptographic signature vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiProxy 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiProxy 7.4.0 through 7.4.10, FortiProxy 7.2.0 through 7.2.14, FortiProxy 7.0.0 through 7.0.21, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows an unauthenticated attacker to bypass the FortiCloud SSO login authentication via a crafted SAML response message.
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    siemens-SADP

    Record text: Container present

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Container present
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Fortinet Multiple Products Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Fortinet Multiple Products Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 68.69% probability · 99.29th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.686850000000; percentile 0.992850000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Dec 16, 2025 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood68.69%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 99.3th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

psirt@fortinet.com · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
fortinetOriginal assertion
Record text

A improper verification of cryptographic signature vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiProxy 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiProxy 7.4.0 through 7.4.10, FortiProxy 7.2.0 through 7.2.14, FortiProxy 7.0.0 through 7.0.21, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows an unauthenticated attacker to bypass the FortiCloud SSO login authentication via a crafted SAML response message.

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
A improper verification of cryptographic signature vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiProxy 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiProxy 7.4.0 through 7.4.10, FortiProxy 7.2.0 through 7.2.14, FortiProxy 7.0.0 through 7.0.21, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows an unauthenticated attacker to bypass the FortiCloud SSO login authentication via a crafted SAML response message.
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
siemens-SADPSource-declared origin
Record text

Container present

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Container present
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Fortinet Multiple Products Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Fortinet Multiple Products Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

68.69% probability · 99.29th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.686850000000; percentile 0.992850000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
12Underlying assertions
5Canonical products
11Target assertions
1Constraint assertions

Grouped from 3 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

9 scope groups

fortinet · source assertedFortinetFortiOSDirect source scope
Affected: 7.6.0 through 7.6.3 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.4.0 through 7.4.8 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.2.0 through 7.2.11 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.0.0 through 7.0.17 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.6.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.6.3"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.4.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.4.8"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.11"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.0.17"}]
fortinet · source assertedFortinetFortiProxyDirect source scope
Affected: 7.6.0 through 7.6.3 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.4.0 through 7.4.10 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.2.0 through 7.2.14 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.0.0 through 7.0.21 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.6.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.6.3"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.4.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.4.10"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.14"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.0.21"}]
fortinet · source assertedFortinetFortiSwitchManagerDirect source scope
Affected: 7.2.0 through 7.2.6 (semver comparison)Affected: 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 (semver comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "7.2.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.6"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "7.0.0", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.0.5"}]
siemens-SADP · source assertedSiemensRUGGEDCOM APE1808Direct source scope
Affected: 0 to before * (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMfortinetfortiosVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.0.0, < 7.0.18); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.2.0, < 7.2.12); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.4.0, < 7.4.9); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.6.0, < 7.6.4)Canonical identity product-d06140244cc5e972beb67f7de823109a7332f0ff670c2c5c21938de936e3f496Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.6.0; through excluding 7.6.4
    Match ID
    c1c30e0d-7f09-42d2-9eb1-e2196bd50d75
  2. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.4.0; through excluding 7.4.9
    Match ID
    2093efe3-4b7f-4806-9850-c42b26bc64ac
  3. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.2.0; through excluding 7.2.12
    Match ID
    e8faaa2e-7a53-4f6b-a9c7-1e2b4cb5f7eb
  4. cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.0.0; through excluding 7.0.18
    Match ID
    bceb8b8a-797c-4e5e-bcdb-a54eb83ad8a2
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONfortinetfortiproxyVulnerable target · 4 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.0.0, < 7.0.22); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.2.0, < 7.2.15); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.4.0, < 7.4.11); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.6.0, < 7.6.4)Canonical identity product-53e2c632c140b04469e646fdc096d80536975303740dc515e32352dc87ed2607Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.6.0; through excluding 7.6.4
    Match ID
    11ca0204-fd63-4614-821e-e2c4e34f7979
  2. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.0.0; through excluding 7.0.22
    Match ID
    fd1be28e-8fda-4da9-9da8-ef5266cd3c54
  3. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.4.0; through excluding 7.4.11
    Match ID
    f989efb6-a5c9-414b-a85b-786d309b41af
  4. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.2.0; through excluding 7.2.15
    Match ID
    4b2e82cf-00e9-4d67-b472-e54a325f87fc
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONfortinetfortiswitchmanagerVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.0.0, < 7.0.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 7.2.0, < 7.2.7)Canonical identity product-d94c2795e79ee4ec14054a6a2ba6e8fcc166a8cc8354f9abfa929f0b316ee2e2Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiswitchmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.2.0; through excluding 7.2.7
    Match ID
    ee22a407-02cb-4979-a38d-9ebafeb350f6
  2. cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiswitchmanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 7.0.0; through excluding 7.0.6
    Match ID
    f1b9aa70-bb46-403b-94c1-d94c64e22334
NVD CPE · HARDWAREsiemensruggedcom_ape1808Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-7cf1cc511b364e6c0ea780c5fa5933f5780d4a10cae98d9e089c1338c20601caLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:siemens:ruggedcom_ape1808:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    1 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    b89a6863-b602-4404-8d26-337fecabfff0
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMsiemensruggedcom_ape1808_firmwareVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-233a49a995728c020f6fdc28c26e339bfb6cbfeb0eb8e592f0409b6f36d8d132Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:siemens:ruggedcom_ape1808_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    1 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    37fdca69-9049-40b4-88af-f476901022b6

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

4 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-380ffb64c552a4e30b7eb6825ecde41bb36260544f33f7a0e7a01d1608acb38b · product-233a49a995728c020f6fdc28c26e339bfb6cbfeb0eb8e592f0409b6f36d8d132

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
2ac37196-a5c1-4242-8015-9a6f9cd8f3ed
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-a82aadab6a309189375ddbea412e10a6aef0b5411f0ae9526eeafad0e62c10e6 · product-53e2c632c140b04469e646fdc096d80536975303740dc515e32352dc87ed2607

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
2724f520-e6b1-415e-b2ee-aa87ad0bb8ba61586565-aa85-467e-b3d8-6c60e74c52b271b53361-b6d3-465d-8344-8b685d2a5350bb0a604a-ea3b-44ba-9599-0be94cc5ec05
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-a82aadab6a309189375ddbea412e10a6aef0b5411f0ae9526eeafad0e62c10e6 · product-d06140244cc5e972beb67f7de823109a7332f0ff670c2c5c21938de936e3f496

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0f048da1-f5fb-4267-aa18-648fe7954197362c0a4b-088d-4a1d-a8f5-663f41116f6068be8afd-0d6d-4917-97b6-17d80e937321b5bc7a58-ef74-4710-bda8-6b1d18c550d3
Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-a82aadab6a309189375ddbea412e10a6aef0b5411f0ae9526eeafad0e62c10e6 · product-d94c2795e79ee4ec14054a6a2ba6e8fcc166a8cc8354f9abfa929f0b316ee2e2

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
9497e135-ea28-4606-bfd9-eaf4421a73a4b9c82584-d2a2-4cb4-aac4-8227e266cc93
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
4
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
65a0c6c6-e6ec-46c9-ab4a-e96ce7340e00a2f290d5-0988-4d95-ae22-d5404ed523d9d3227081-5d2b-4001-8551-f7b315d05a5cf54c18e3-3f6e-40d6-adef-3aa2252e4915

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
psirt@fortinet.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.1
fortinetCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:F/RL:O/RC:C

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.1Display only

fortinet

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:F/RL:O/RC:C
Validation
Base mismatch
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Outside current scoring policy
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.