CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2025-68613

n8n Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via Expression Injection

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Mar 11, 2026). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 8.8. Severity assessments differ within at least one CVSS version. EPSS estimates 99.0% exploit likelihood as of Oct 16, 2026.

81.9–89.9Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Versions starting with 0.211.0 and prior to 1.120.4, 1.121.1, and 1.122.0 contain a critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in their workflow expression evaluation system. Under certain conditions, expressions supplied by authenticated users during workflow configuration may be evaluated in an execution context that is not sufficiently isolated from the underlying runtime. An authenticated attacker could abuse this behavior to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the n8n process. Successful exploitation may lead to full compromise of the affected instance, including unauthorized access to sensitive data, modification of workflows, and execution of system-level operations. This issue has been fixed in versions 1.120.4, 1.121.1, and 1.122.0. Users are strongly advised to upgrade to a patched version, which introduces additional safeguards to restrict expression evaluation. If upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations: Limit workflow creation and editing permissions to fully trusted users only; and/or deploy n8n in a hardened environment with restricted operating system privileges and network access to reduce the impact of potential exploitation. These workarounds do not fully eliminate the risk and should only be used as short-term measures.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Dec 19, 2025
Updated
Mar 12, 2026
Evidence coverage
72%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

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  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    GitHub_M

    Record text: n8n Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via Expression Injection

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    n8n Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via Expression Injection
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: n8n Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    n8n Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 98.99% probability · 99.93th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.989940000000; percentile 0.999310000000
    Original evidence ↗

Assessments differ

NVD8.8CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted
security-advisories@github.com9.9CVSS 3.1 · source date omitted

Values are shown separately by source and CVSS version.

ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Mar 11, 2026 · first observed Sep 1, 2026

Exploit likelihood98.99%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 16, 2026 · 99.9th percentile · first observed Oct 16, 2026

SeverityAssessments differ

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Oct 13, 2026 · values shown separately below

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentAssessments differ

Eligible assertions materially conflict and remain visible side by side.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve conflict
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
GitHub_MOriginal assertion
Record text

n8n Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via Expression Injection

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
n8n Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via Expression Injection
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

n8n Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
n8n Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

98.99% probability · 99.93th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.989940000000; percentile 0.999310000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
2Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
2Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

2 scope groups

GitHub_M · source assertedn8n-ion8nDirect source scope
Affected: >= 0.211.0, < 1.120.4Affected: = 1.121.0
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": ">= 0.211.0, < 1.120.4"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "= 1.121.0"}]
NVD CPE · APPLICATIONn8nn8nVulnerable target · 2 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 0.211.0, < 1.120.4); Version 1.121.0Canonical identity product-12592d5a88b9f42c3aaa7d540d00abf1121fe6e9390a9f5362bee177d3c0b144Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:a:n8n:n8n:1.121.0:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    9fd26170-639e-4e8e-9af2-5966fd81b4d3
  2. cpe:2.3:a:n8n:n8n:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 0.211.0; through excluding 1.120.4
    Match ID
    c9961cca-c266-4997-aa60-a32efd3baff9

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
00a89033-9af8-45cf-bb39-63f52aba8512
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
6e6e1b1b-000d-4024-a2a3-1efbcb989c10b584b648-7e88-48b0-b787-4692fb3a33ff

Assessments

CVSS by origin

8.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.9
security-advisories@github.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
10.0
GitHub_MCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

10.0Display only

GitHub_M

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Base mismatch
Recomputed
9.9
Decision reason
Outside current scoring policy
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.