CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2026-5430

Authentication Bypass via JWT Algorithm Mismatch in Multiple WSO2 Products Allows Account Takeover

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Sep 24, 2026). WSO2 reports CVSS 3.1 10.0. EPSS estimates 0.6% exploit likelihood as of Oct 22, 2026.

66.5–77.5Priority evidence range
Evidence through Oct 22, 2026, 6:07 PM UTC

As of Oct 22, 2026

Normalized restatement

The JWT authentication mechanism accepts tokens signed with algorithms other than those explicitly configured or supported. This allows an attacker to craft a JWT with an unsupported algorithm, which is then incorrectly validated, leading to unauthorized access. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may result in unauthorized access to the system, including the potential compromise of administrative accounts and full account takeover. The CVSS score is adjusted to 9.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H) in single-tenant deployments, reflecting that the impact is contained within a single security authority boundary.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Aug 6, 2026
Updated
Sep 25, 2026
Evidence coverage
85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: WSO2 Multiple Products Path Traversal Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    WSO2 Multiple Products Path Traversal Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    WSO2

    Record text: Authentication Bypass via JWT Algorithm Mismatch in Multiple WSO2 Products Allows Account Takeover

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Authentication Bypass via JWT Algorithm Mismatch in Multiple WSO2 Products Allows Account Takeover
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 0.59% probability · 47.41th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.005880000000; percentile 0.474130000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Sep 24, 2026 · first observed Sep 25, 2026

Exploit likelihood0.59%

FIRST EPSS · score date Oct 22, 2026 · 47.4th percentile · first observed Oct 22, 2026

SeverityCVSS 10.0

WSO2 · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Sep 25, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusLast verified source snapshot retained

The last verified source boundary remains in force for this claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Review source contract
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

WSO2 Multiple Products Path Traversal Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
WSO2 Multiple Products Path Traversal Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
WSO2Original assertion
Record text

Authentication Bypass via JWT Algorithm Mismatch in Multiple WSO2 Products Allows Account Takeover

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Authentication Bypass via JWT Algorithm Mismatch in Multiple WSO2 Products Allows Account Takeover
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

0.59% probability · 47.41th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.005880000000; percentile 0.474130000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →

17 scope groups

WSO2 · source assertedWSO2WSO2 API Control PlaneDirect source scope
Affected: 4.5.0 to before 4.5.0.58 (custom comparison)Affected: 4.6.0 to before 4.6.0.22 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.5.0", "lessThan": "4.5.0.58", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "4.6.0", "lessThan": "4.6.0.22", "versionType": "custom"}]
WSO2 · source assertedWSO2WSO2 API ManagerDirect source scope
Unknown: 0 to before 4.1.0 (custom comparison)Affected: 4.1.0 to before 4.1.0.257 (custom comparison)Affected: 4.2.0 to before 4.2.0.197 (custom comparison)Affected: 4.3.0 to before 4.3.0.108 (custom comparison)Affected: 4.4.0 to before 4.4.0.72 (custom comparison)Affected: 4.5.0 to before 4.5.0.57 (custom comparison)Affected: 4.6.0 to before 4.6.0.21 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "unknown", "version": "0", "lessThan": "4.1.0", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "4.1.0", "lessThan": "4.1.0.257", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "4.2.0", "lessThan": "4.2.0.197", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "4.3.0", "lessThan": "4.3.0.108", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "4.4.0", "lessThan": "4.4.0.72", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "4.5.0", "lessThan": "4.5.0.57", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "4.6.0", "lessThan": "4.6.0.21", "versionType": "custom"}]
WSO2 · source assertedWSO2WSO2 Carbon API Manager Rest API UtilityDirect source scope
Affected: 9.20.74 to before 9.20.74.401 (custom comparison)Affected: 9.28.116 to before 9.28.116.417 (custom comparison)Affected: 9.29.120 to before 9.29.120.236 (custom comparison)Affected: 9.30.67 to before 9.30.67.167 (custom comparison)Affected: 9.31.86 to before 9.31.86.158 (custom comparison)Affected: 9.32.147 to before 9.32.147.59 (custom comparison)Unaffected: 9.33.106 through * (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "9.20.74", "lessThan": "9.20.74.401", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9.28.116", "lessThan": "9.28.116.417", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9.29.120", "lessThan": "9.29.120.236", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9.30.67", "lessThan": "9.30.67.167", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9.31.86", "lessThan": "9.31.86.158", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9.32.147", "lessThan": "9.32.147.59", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "9.33.106", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "*"}]
WSO2 · source assertedWSO2WSO2 Traffic ManagerDirect source scope
Affected: 4.5.0 to before 4.5.0.56 (custom comparison)Affected: 4.6.0 to before 4.6.0.21 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.5.0", "lessThan": "4.5.0.56", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "4.6.0", "lessThan": "4.6.0.21", "versionType": "custom"}]
WSO2 · source assertedWSO2WSO2 Universal GatewayDirect source scope
Affected: 4.5.0 to before 4.5.0.57 (custom comparison)Affected: 4.6.0 to before 4.6.0.21 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "4.5.0", "lessThan": "4.5.0.57", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "4.6.0", "lessThan": "4.6.0.21", "versionType": "custom"}]
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_control_plane:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.5.0; end excluding 4.5.0.58
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_control_plane:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.6.0; end excluding 4.6.0.22
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.1.0; end excluding 4.1.0.257
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.2.0; end excluding 4.2.0.197
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.3.0; end excluding 4.3.0.108
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.4.0; end excluding 4.4.0.72
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.5.0; end excluding 4.5.0.57
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:api_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.6.0; end excluding 4.6.0.21
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:traffic_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.5.0; end excluding 4.5.0.56
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:traffic_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.6.0; end excluding 4.6.0.21
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:universal_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.5.0; end excluding 4.5.0.57
NVD · source assertedVendor unspecified by sourceProduct unspecified by sourceDirect source scope
Version bounds not stated
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertioncpe:2.3:a:wso2:universal_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*; start including 4.6.0; end excluding 4.6.0.21

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
5
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
0a6876d0-34b5-424e-9126-1a02a28d9d5b63e3ec5e-849c-4bbc-894a-dfd65dc60119806ed960-83c5-4165-bf60-636037a40aceb994a89c-a28b-4862-8f6f-40db8e266c5af954eaad-6579-400d-ad38-99533d1aec4d
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
12
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Oct 22, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
42980447-b623-4582-81c3-c491d632cd4d695c444f-ac52-4b28-91e4-46ab0dec74b46d918e78-f672-4528-8c3c-664ec4de5c8d6ffdc682-a605-40ea-9aa9-521fcb8ea13f75edaf34-0e94-4baf-a92a-e7c0c707672d82beba61-de60-4244-a025-72c329e046d2864b0027-05d6-4809-9303-18af4b3801139071ee97-6f6e-4980-a66b-f494bd3df6959b0dc81d-4cd6-4cbc-8ae2-8ffd6ecc93ebb0d2414f-afc8-4582-9e7f-0004a56ff4caec9badf7-e12c-48d3-935f-b739e3476d76f6d9531d-a027-401e-844e-f80f0d7e5f82

Assessments

CVSS by origin

10.0
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
10.0
WSO2CVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

10.0Priority eligible

WSO2

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
10.0
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.