CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2022-0028

PAN-OS: Reflected Amplification Denial-of-Service (DoS) Vulnerability in URL Filtering

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Aug 22, 2022). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 8.6. EPSS estimates 2.4% exploit likelihood as of Aug 27, 2026.

67.2–73.7Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

A PAN-OS URL filtering policy misconfiguration could allow a network-based attacker to conduct reflected and amplified TCP denial-of-service (RDoS) attacks. The DoS attack would appear to originate from a Palo Alto Networks PA-Series (hardware), VM-Series (virtual) and CN-Series (container) firewall against an attacker-specified target. To be misused by an external attacker, the firewall configuration must have a URL filtering profile with one or more blocked categories assigned to a source zone that has an external facing interface. This configuration is not typical for URL filtering and, if set, is likely unintended by the administrator. If exploited, this issue would not impact the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our products. However, the resulting denial-of-service (DoS) attack may help obfuscate the identity of the attacker and implicate the firewall as the source of the attack. We have taken prompt action to address this issue in our PAN-OS software. All software updates for this issue are expected to be released no later than the week of August 15, 2022. This issue does not impact Panorama M-Series or Panorama virtual appliances. This issue has been resolved for all Cloud NGFW and Prisma Access customers and no additional action is required from them.

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Aug 10, 2022
Updated
Oct 21, 2025
Evidence coverage
94%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    palo_alto

    Record text: PAN-OS: Reflected Amplification Denial-of-Service (DoS) Vulnerability in URL Filtering

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    PAN-OS: Reflected Amplification Denial-of-Service (DoS) Vulnerability in URL Filtering
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS Reflected Amplification Denial-of-Service Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS Reflected Amplification Denial-of-Service Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 2.38% probability · 82.67th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.023830000000; percentile 0.826720000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Aug 22, 2022 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood2.38%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 27, 2026 · 82.7th percentile · first observed Aug 27, 2026

SeverityCVSS 8.6

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Jul 19, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
palo_altoOriginal assertion
Record text

PAN-OS: Reflected Amplification Denial-of-Service (DoS) Vulnerability in URL Filtering

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
PAN-OS: Reflected Amplification Denial-of-Service (DoS) Vulnerability in URL Filtering
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS Reflected Amplification Denial-of-Service Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS Reflected Amplification Denial-of-Service Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

2.38% probability · 82.67th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.023830000000; percentile 0.826720000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
16Underlying assertions
1Canonical products
16Target assertions
0Constraint assertions

Grouped from 1 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

10 scope groups

CISA-ADP · source assertedpaloaltonetworkspan-osDirect source scope
Affected: 8.1.0 to before 8.1.23-h (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "8.1.0", "lessThan": "8.1.23-h", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedpaloaltonetworkspan-osDirect source scope
Affected: 9.0.0 to before 9.0.16-h3 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "9.0.0", "lessThan": "9.0.16-h3", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedpaloaltonetworkspan-osDirect source scope
Affected: 9.1.0 to before 9.1 < 9.1.14-h4 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "9.1.0", "lessThan": "9.1 < 9.1.14-h4", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedpaloaltonetworkspan-osDirect source scope
Affected: 10.0.0 to before 10.0.11-h1 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.0.0", "lessThan": "10.0.11-h1", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedpaloaltonetworkspan-osDirect source scope
Affected: 10.1.0 to before 10.1.6-h6 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.1.0", "lessThan": "10.1.6-h6", "versionType": "custom"}]
CISA-ADP · source assertedpaloaltonetworkspan-osDirect source scope
Affected: 10.2.0 to before 10.2.2-h2 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "10.2.0", "lessThan": "10.2.2-h2", "versionType": "custom"}]
palo_alto · source assertedPalo Alto NetworksCloud NGFWDirect source scope
Unaffected: All
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "All"}]
palo_alto · source assertedPalo Alto NetworksPAN-OSDirect source scope
Affected: 8.1 to before 8.1.23-h1 (custom comparison)Affected: 9.0 to before 9.0.16-h3 (custom comparison)Affected: 9.1 to before 9.1.14-h4 (custom comparison)Affected: 10.0 to before 10.0.11-h1 (custom comparison)Affected: 10.1 to before 10.1.6-h6 (custom comparison)Affected: 10.2 to before 10.2.2-h2 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "8.1", "lessThan": "8.1.23-h1", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9.0", "lessThan": "9.0.16-h3", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9.1", "lessThan": "9.1.14-h4", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "10.0", "lessThan": "10.0.11-h1", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "10.1", "lessThan": "10.1.6-h6", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "10.2", "lessThan": "10.2.2-h2", "versionType": "custom"}]
palo_alto · source assertedPalo Alto NetworksPrisma AccessDirect source scope
Unaffected: 2.1 AllUnaffected: 2.2 AllUnaffected: 3.0 AllUnaffected: 3.1 All
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "unaffected", "version": "2.1 All"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "2.2 All"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "3.0 All"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "3.1 All"}]
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMpaloaltonetworkspan-osVulnerable target · 16 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (>= 10.0.0, < 10.0.11); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 10.1.0, < 10.1.6); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 10.2.0, < 10.2.2); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 8.1.0, < 8.1.23); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 9.0.0, < 9.0.16); Any version (unconstrained) (>= 9.1.0, < 9.1.14); Version 10.0.11; Version 10.1.6; Version 10.2.2; Version 8.1.23; Version 9.0.16; Version 9.1.14Canonical identity product-612afb736440531327cd224402d663e14e2a3f421cc65267d8acade0f3b99df7Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertions
  1. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 8.1.0; through excluding 8.1.23
    Match ID
    99ec0b3a-a8be-4394-81f0-c05ba177f867
  2. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:10.2.2:h1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 15
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    5d7986dc-187d-4798-8b4a-7d23df0ee0c8
  3. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:9.1.14:h1:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    431e508f-3a80-4146-b88e-ceba0ab5a850
  4. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:8.1.23:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    2377e54d-3b6f-4da3-9a82-355aafa26bc1
  5. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 10.0.0; through excluding 10.0.11
    Match ID
    30d919c6-068e-4c81-a7a7-261f0d9e4b66
  6. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:9.0.16:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c099a5e1-849d-4a3b-b780-c994effc6783
  7. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:10.1.6:h3:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 13
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    299a820d-e4e7-40fa-a4c2-6f1699e13dfa
  8. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 10.2.0; through excluding 10.2.2
    Match ID
    22513b1b-6022-4732-8cd4-6e74e40d664a
  9. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:9.0.16:h2:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    7bb17ccf-be75-4b23-91c5-397be25c1dc7
  10. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:10.2.2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 14
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    33340036-0e81-41cd-afc4-480f509f8dd2
  11. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 9.1.0; through excluding 9.1.14
    Match ID
    d457521c-1d9d-46c2-a1ee-3999a1f054a1
  12. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 10.1.0; through excluding 10.1.6
    Match ID
    e6eb81d3-adc7-4114-8ffb-c15780239391
  13. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:10.0.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 11
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    142e4a38-662f-4df9-9e0e-4b9bb9a78f7f
  14. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:9.1.14:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    39ba8b04-a3a5-4636-867c-c6bb3f24c3b6
  15. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:10.1.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 12
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    443462d5-461e-46a0-80e6-61cf30d4d71f
  16. cpe:2.3:o:paloaltonetworks:pan-os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    from including 9.0.0; through excluding 9.0.16
    Match ID
    0e3757e3-17c0-4d42-a31a-78f40a774f41

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

1 canonical links · 1 source-reported links

Mapping establishedEvidence supported

vendor-14ea140e990b8248b82877833fdf14fba1a48c6d230b7a5c9157d2a4ac9f719b · product-612afb736440531327cd224402d663e14e2a3f421cc65267d8acade0f3b99df7

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
16
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
04612099-e38e-4bf7-934c-3e676980b9a707a5b99c-5f68-429f-a1f5-51db3eed4b4412349a2f-d728-46b0-a0ea-c93d6ef7fc6b1c0c566e-497c-4b58-b9c7-e118ed5adc501dc867c4-18b7-49e5-b9f4-850d96f2d17543bccb2d-437d-448b-a53b-473d4db71fa8490650b6-c380-4d7e-b410-c7d5dafac32664cecee8-3a84-4e38-82f3-0d94cb99a0ff66c2248c-73f3-4270-b279-b964344bd64d67d62f09-d1d2-4cb8-bbe7-e5d7409b8cba6997698f-a5d3-495c-981b-0f73e068a31e760a2360-59bb-4cf4-a751-75ed6fb366eb8c38db43-032c-4c23-9a67-a5241134e4e092d04ec1-e6ed-4689-97dd-2e46e54bd4dd9417681d-5f94-4ebb-8373-65088659d648a2a94846-1d65-4d33-b6aa-277012b8cf13
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
9
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
231ca649-1de6-4c11-b028-7fd11667e9b13040ed06-cbf9-4636-b7f4-60af41da2a4b3cae4d38-ce0b-4403-b4bb-38772e05ac9840db8fbc-c241-4b4b-8ea6-f9cdee0db8df82d04928-37c5-46e7-9eb6-cbb052c5487c9169f1db-51f7-427e-b555-8b6e55a4a3af9667ec20-63d2-459c-be38-febada80d35aab578aac-f2b3-42ac-9bf6-3c828851dc9cce4ddc68-e490-40b0-af5f-9e65778dfc7e

Assessments

CVSS by origin

8.6
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H
8.6
psirt@paloaltonetworks.comCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H
8.6
palo_altoCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

8.6Priority eligible

palo_alto

CVSS 3.1 · Primary · Original assertion · rank 1

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
8.6
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.