CASCACascade Atlas

Evidence dossier

CVE-2023-28461

Array Networks Array AG Series and vxAG (9.4.0.481 and earlier) allow remote code execution.

Exploited in the wild (CISA KEV since Nov 25, 2024). NVD reports CVSS 3.1 9.8. EPSS estimates 68.1% exploit likelihood as of Aug 26, 2026.

81.0–86.3Priority evidence range
Evidence current through Aug 27, 2026, 6:09 PM UTC

As of Aug 27, 2026

Normalized restatement

Array Networks Array AG Series and vxAG (9.4.0.481 and earlier) allow remote code execution. An attacker can browse the filesystem on the SSL VPN gateway using a flags attribute in an HTTP header without authentication. The product could then be exploited through a vulnerable URL. The 2023-03-09 vendor advisory stated "a new Array AG release with the fix will be available soon."

State
PUBLISHED
Published
Mar 15, 2023
Updated
Aug 5, 2026
Evidence coverage
85%

Evidence chronology

What was known when

Download this view's receipt →
  1. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA KEV

    Exploitation cataloged: Array Networks AG and vxAG ArrayOS Missing Authentication for Critical Function Vulnerability

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    observed_exploitation
    Value
    Array Networks AG and vxAG ArrayOS Missing Authentication for Critical Function Vulnerability
    Original evidence ↗
  2. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CISA-ADP

    Record text: CISA ADP Vulnrichment

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CISA ADP Vulnrichment
    Original evidence ↗
  3. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    CVE Program

    Record text: CVE Program Container

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    CVE Program Container
    Original evidence ↗
  4. Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCA
    mitre

    Record text: Array Networks Array AG Series and vxAG (9.4.0.481 and earlier) allow remote code execution. An attacker can browse the filesystem on the SSL VPN gateway using a flags attribute in an HTTP header without authentication. The product could then be exploited through a vulnerable URL. The 2023-03-09 vendor advisory stated "a new Array AG release with the fix will be available soon."

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    container
    Value
    Array Networks Array AG Series and vxAG (9.4.0.481 and earlier) allow remote code execution. An attacker can browse the filesystem on the SSL VPN gateway using a flags attribute in an HTTP header without authentication. The product could then be exploited through a vulnerable URL. The 2023-03-09 vendor advisory stated "a new Array AG release with the fix will be available soon."
    Original evidence ↗
  5. Source dateFirst observed by CASCA
    FIRST EPSS

    EPSS score: 68.08% probability · 99.27th percentile

    Inspect raw assertion
    Field
    model_probability
    Value
    Probability 0.680790000000; percentile 0.992690000000
    Original evidence ↗
ExploitationCatalog member

CISA KEV · catalog date Nov 25, 2024 · first observed Jul 19, 2026

Exploit likelihood68.08%

FIRST EPSS · score date Aug 26, 2026 · 99.3th percentile · first observed Aug 26, 2026

SeverityCVSS 9.8

NVD · CVSS 3.1 · first observed Aug 6, 2026 · same-version scores align in this snapshot

Evidence detail

Source limits and decisions

Why each evidence state has this value

casca-unknown-reasons-v1
Exploitation statusEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Exploit likelihoodEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
evidence-policy-v1.1.0
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Severity assessmentEvidence supported

Eligible evidence is present for this bounded claim.

Revision
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
None
Affected productsSource-reported scope

The cited source assertion is retained while canonical product linkage remains open.

Revision
casca-factor-d-obligations-v1
Cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Resolution
Resolve identity

Source comparison

Who said what

CISA KEVOriginal assertion
Exploitation cataloged

Array Networks AG and vxAG ArrayOS Missing Authentication for Critical Function Vulnerability

Inspect raw assertion
Field
observed_exploitation
Value
Array Networks AG and vxAG ArrayOS Missing Authentication for Critical Function Vulnerability
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CISA-ADPIndependent enrichment
Record text

CISA ADP Vulnrichment

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
CVE ProgramDerivative copy
Record text

CVE Program Container

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
CVE Program Container
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
mitreOriginal assertion
Record text

Array Networks Array AG Series and vxAG (9.4.0.481 and earlier) allow remote code execution. An attacker can browse the filesystem on the SSL VPN gateway using a flags attribute in an HTTP header without authentication. The product could then be exploited through a vulnerable URL. The 2023-03-09 vendor advisory stated "a new Array AG release with the fix will be available soon."

Inspect raw assertion
Field
container
Value
Array Networks Array AG Series and vxAG (9.4.0.481 and earlier) allow remote code execution. An attacker can browse the filesystem on the SSL VPN gateway using a flags attribute in an HTTP header without authentication. The product could then be exploited through a vulnerable URL. The 2023-03-09 vendor advisory stated "a new Array AG release with the fix will be available soon."
Source dateSource date omittedFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗
FIRST EPSSOriginal assertion
EPSS score

68.08% probability · 99.27th percentile

Inspect raw assertion
Field
model_probability
Value
Probability 0.680790000000; percentile 0.992690000000
Source dateFirst observed by CASCAOriginal evidence ↗

Applicability

Cited product scope

Trace impact →
14Underlying assertions
14Canonical products
1Target assertions
13Constraint assertions

Grouped from 2 configuration nodes in this exact snapshot. Visual grouping is navigational; asset exposure and root cause require cited evidence.

Identity source boundaries
  • Cpe dictionary1,775,266 records · observed through 2026-07-21T06:45:29.809Z27d65b0f-b718-4b4f-bb79-c47c68d09dfa
  • Cpe match643,502 records · observed through 2026-07-21T08:13:17.697Z955dae73-7302-438b-aee1-058d7cc5d48e

16 scope groups

CISA-ADP · source assertedarraynetworksarrayos_agDirect source scope
Affected: 0 through 9.4.0.481 (custom comparison)
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "9.4.0.481"}]
mitre · source assertedn/an/aDirect source scope
Affected: n/a
Source-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Inspect raw assertion[{"status": "affected", "version": "n/a"}]
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1000Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-3d463391d1439dd86b7ae332044b5a7e8ac2cfb349eef165371bb4be5f782daaLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1000:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    ebe11a77-8c2f-46ca-87ba-47624380ffc1
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1000tEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-386676890f44d55422a902c9d7f81f10ff6a01acb25b3f69fd13204ff95c6c35Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1000t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 1
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    5ed51e1f-3155-40c6-b61c-73d6a9f64987
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1000v5Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-1efca9e10a7e4fc12fb2dde6fd361846e628e6a8a66f22260dccf2e161771965Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1000v5:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 2
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    f0bc33cf-fa0b-4556-b11e-61ff9b14880a
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1100v5Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-017742db201a8868461d9082105596f586bf00e83e4d29409cedc93a2b9f67e3Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1100v5:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 3
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    a9c8c9ae-af59-4e5a-93cd-a394f1a31fa0
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1150Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-f8bc0994532071eb600944aeb9c261d41ef6d8bf5169f20259511750004ea720Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1150:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 4
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    5e025a9d-6b7c-42b6-95ea-0a5726a919f4
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1200Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-183556674e511d8485928d94444663c696f0ce2e5a6a4daf16c0ce89bcc22e97Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1200:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 5
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    0771d54c-15df-403c-8cfa-b1e7d0136f50
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1200v5Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-b1e5a1314f53eba9c9a711421a06eef3e8700ad4ba73258b4dbc847e9762e955Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1200v5:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 6
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    7c9f6b87-e3d2-419a-b086-b981ef912f80
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1500Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-851781c59bb3eae0c0054b9164b9429a06c803581c3832afc2deb49892b54a33Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1500:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 7
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    d385dbd0-c4a9-4168-82c2-832e0e40f42d
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1500fipsEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-403b4649c563c1a6f68f608d76ff18ff094760693dd75269829dbd1fcbae273cLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1500fips:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 8
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    01569ab3-736d-47fe-86dd-f08acddcd11e
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1500v5Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-0f7e4bb92271a2df97fe3de31e873d3e1e2d2131c7ea28fe8ff0655c6f3e4f46Linked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1500v5:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 9
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    22e45185-071f-414a-af78-4739f15a1d93
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1600Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-8b406c3bd864090076fb6509021f74563a49506da687f730ec8ae327b0a537faLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1600:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 10
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    c6f0988e-5e75-486a-9229-956d38a51c35
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksag1600v5Environmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-8ac2cd1c0ac88bc5d8f25d0c53220fb5da29c8d8f920b87a156b1cf4bec35aedLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:ag1600v5:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 11
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    1d09e2cc-c1b5-40dc-ad1a-7c6ab20525dc
NVD CPE · OPERATING SYSTEMarraynetworksarrayos_agVulnerable target · 1 assertions
Any version (unconstrained) (<= 9.4.0.481)Canonical identity product-b569ff9d65ae2baadfb68c93a9ccc380e36a7477d24341fcaa443a3bb1d8e371Linked exact
Scope supported
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:o:arraynetworks:arrayos_ag:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Vulnerable target
    Configuration
    0 · node/0 · match 0
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    through including 9.4.0.481
    Match ID
    d704d079-d1af-40ea-98e7-be1e01371b11
NVD CPE · HARDWAREarraynetworksvxagEnvironmental constraint · 1 assertions
Version not applicableCanonical identity product-c967a21d7266c3eb43c688f768decf330f1579d9414fdd709b732de7501d3d2dLinked exact
Scope constrained
Inspect raw assertion
  1. cpe:2.3:h:arraynetworks:vxag:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    Official link
    Linked exact
    Role
    Environmental constraint
    Configuration
    0 · node/1 · match 12
    Logic
    OR
    Version bounds
    No explicit bounds
    Match ID
    6e149796-e3d7-4faf-ab64-8d273e701861

Affected-product evidence

Accepted scope and product mapping

0 canonical links · 2 source-reported links

Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Direct cve affected
Assertions
2
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
cbb9fade-0c46-46bf-8973-331e66e05beef921d2a5-f8dd-494a-828b-6c21f8fe1588
Source-reported scopeSource-reported scope

Canonical linkage remains open; the cited source assertion is retained below.

Vendor specified only by source · Product specified only by source

Source class
Nvd cpe vulnerable target
Assertions
1
Mapping revision
cpe23-exact-mapping-v1
Observed cutoff
Aug 27, 2026
Retained assertion IDs
fccf3203-f0ce-4bed-bd83-66ebd22acd62

Assessments

CVSS by origin

9.8
NVDCVSS 3.1 · role Primary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
CVE Program sourceCVSS 3.1 · role Secondary · priority eligiblevalid_matchCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8
CISA-ADPCVSS 3.1 · role unknown · display onlyDirect record assessment retained outside normalized eligibilityCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Direct CVE/CNA normalized decisions

9.8Priority eligible

CISA-ADP

CVSS 3.1 · Secondary · Independent enrichment · rank 2

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Validation
Valid match
Recomputed
9.8
Decision reason
Evidence supported
Policy
casca-direct-cvss-eligibility-v1

Assessments are retained side by side under closed precedence. Cascade never averages CVSS.

Evidence boundaries

  • KEV membership is authoritative for the catalog, not proof of exposure in any environment.
  • EPSS is a dated model probability and not an individual-environment prediction.
  • Affected or fixed status applies only to the exact cited product and version scope; remaining scope stays source-scoped.
  • NVD-carried upstream facts remain derivative; independent corroboration requires a separately authored source.
  • Only NVD metrics validated under the generation-bound calculator are Public Priority eligible; direct CVE record metrics remain display-only.
  • NVD CVSS source eligibility is closed: NVD-authored, exact record-source, or registered same-CVE container origin; unmapped sources remain display-only.
  • Core replay supports the active and immediately prior generation; retrospective valid-at replay is deferred.
  • OSV aggregation and OSV-converted NVD material are not independent corroboration.
  • Red Hat facts are vendor assertions for the exact supplied products.
  • Nonmembership and not-yet-observed states are not proof of safety.